betaine

abromine acidol-pepsin aciventral forte amino acid, lycine betaine anhydrous betaine, anhydrous 1- carboxy-N,N,N-trimethyl methanaminium hydroxide inner salt 1- carboxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-methanaminium carboxymethyl)trimethyl ammonium hydroxide inner salt cystadane alpha- earleine glycine betaine glycine trimethylbetaine glycocoll betaine glycyl betaine jortaine loramine AMB 13 loramine AMB-13 lycine methanaminium, 1-carboxy-N,N,N-trimethyl-, hydroxide, inner salt oxy neurine rubrine C TMG TMG (tri-methyl glycine) trimethyl aminoacetic acid 2-( trimethyl ammonio)ethanoic acid hydroxide inner salt trimethyl glycine trimethyl glycocoll 2-( trimethylazaniumyl)acetate 2- trimethylazaniumylacetate N,N,N- trimethylglycine N,N,N- trimethylglycinium trimethylglycocoll PubMed: Determination of trimethylamine in spinach, cabbage, and lettuce at alkaline pH by headspace solid-phase microextraction. J-Stage: Amelioration of D-Galactosamine-Induced Acute Liver Injury in Rats by Dietary Supplementation with Betaine Derived from Sugar Beet Molasses PubMed: Characterization of Chinese liquor starter, "Daqu", by flavor type with 1H NMR-based nontargeted analysis. PubMed: Badh2, encoding betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, inhibits the biosynthesis of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, a major component in rice fragrance. PubMed: Phospholipids from herring roe improve plasma lipids and glucose tolerance in healthy, young adults. PubMed: E. coli under Salt Stress: Metabolic Shift in the Presence of Glycine Betaine. PubMed: Impacts of plant-based foods in ancestral hominin diets on the metabolism and function of gut microbiota in vitro. PubMed: Validation of a food-frequency questionnaire assessment of methyl-group donors using estimated diet records and plasma biomarkers: the method of triads. PubMed: Plasma Methionine, Choline, Betaine, and Dimethylglycine, in relation to Colorectal Cancer Risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). PubMed: Plasma homocysteine, dietary B vitamins, betaine, and choline and risk of peripheral artery disease. PubMed: Body composition in patients with classical homocystinuria: body mass relates to homocysteine and choline metabolism. PubMed: Development and application of a quantitative loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for detecting genetically modified maize MON863. PubMed: Effects of betaine on performance and body composition: a review of recent findings and potential mechanisms. PubMed: Transcriptomic and Functional Analysis of NaCl-Induced Stress in Enterococcus faecalis. PubMed: Metabolomics in nutritional epidemiology: identifying metabolites associated with diet and quantifying their potential to uncover diet-disease relations in populations. PubMed: New multilayer coating using quaternary ammonium chitosan and κ-carrageenan in capillary electrophoresis: application in fast analysis of betaine and methionine. PubMed: Nitritating-anammox biomass tolerant to high dissolved oxygen concentration and C/N ratio in treatment of yeast factory wastewater. PubMed: Strategy of metabolic phenotype modulation in Portunus trituberculatus exposed to low salinity. PubMed: Dietary intake of choline and neural tube defects in Mexican Americans. PubMed: Discovery of human urinary biomarkers of aronia-citrus juice intake by HPLC-q-TOF-based metabolomic approach. PubMed: Responses of the European flounder (Platichthys flesus) to a mixture of PAHs and PCBs in experimental conditions. PubMed: Similar metabolic responses in pigs and humans to breads with different contents and compositions of dietary fibers: a metabolomics study. PubMed: Racial/ethnic and sociodemographic factors associated with micronutrient intakes and inadequacies among pregnant women in an urban US population. PubMed: Betalain and betaine composition of greenhouse- or field-produced beetroot ( Beta vulgaris L.) and inhibition of HepG2 cell proliferation. PubMed: Dietary intake and plasma levels of choline and betaine in children with autism spectrum disorders. PubMed: Combating photooxidative stress in green hairy roots of Daucus carota cultivated under light irradiation. PubMed: Thermodynamic analysis of osmolyte effect on thermal stability of ribonuclease A in terms of water activity. PubMed: Insights into genomics of salt stress response in rice. PubMed: Betaine Alleviates Hypertriglycemia and Tau Hyperphosphorylation in db/db Mice. PubMed: Choline and betaine intakes are associated with reduced risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in adults: a case-control study. PubMed: In vivo screening of four phytochemicals/extracts and a fungal immunomodulatory protein against an Eimeria acervulina infection in broilers. PubMed: A label-free silicon quantum dots-based photoluminescence sensor for ultrasensitive detection of pesticides. PubMed: Pregnancy alters choline dynamics: results of a randomized trial using stable isotope methodology in pregnant and nonpregnant women. PubMed: Cereal foods are the major source of betaine in the Western diet--analysis of betaine and free choline in cereal foods and updated assessments of betaine intake. PubMed: Transcriptomic and epigenetic changes in early liver steatosis associated to obesity: effect of dietary methyl donor supplementation. PubMed: Comparative quantitative analysis of headspace volatiles and their association with BADH2 marker in non-basmati scented, basmati and non-scented rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars of India. PubMed: Alleviation of alcoholic liver injury by betaine involves an enhancement of antioxidant defense via regulation of sulfur amino acid metabolism. PubMed: ProAlgaZyme subfraction improves the lipoprotein profile of hypercholesterolemic hamsters, while inhibiting production of betaine, carnitine, and choline metabolites. PubMed: Differences in betaine lipids and fatty acids between Pseudoisochrysis paradoxa VLP and Diacronema vlkianum VLP isolates (Haptophyta). PubMed: Optimization of pullulanase production in Escherichia coli by regulation of process conditions and supplement with natural osmolytes. PubMed: Metabolic phenotypes associated with high-temperature tolerance of Porphyra haitanensis strains. PubMed: Betaine supplementation causes increase in carnitine metabolites in the muscle and liver of mice fed a high-fat diet as studied by nontargeted LC-MS metabolomics approach. PubMed: Obesity-related metabolomic analysis of human subjects in black soybean peptide intervention study by ultraperformance liquid chromatography and quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. PubMed: Excess of methyl donor in the perinatal period reduces postnatal leptin secretion in rat and interacts with the effect of protein content in diet. PubMed: ¹H NMR and multivariate data analysis of the relationship between the age and quality of duck meat. PubMed: Higher homocysteine and lower betaine increase the risk of microangiopathy in patients with diabetes mellitus carrying the GG genotype of PEMT G774C. PubMed: Exercise prevents hyperhomocysteinemia in a dietary folate-restricted mouse model. PubMed: Metabolomic profiling of urine: response to a randomised, controlled feeding study of select fruits and vegetables, and application to an observational study. PubMed: Estimation of usual intake and food sources of choline and betaine in New Zealand reproductive age women. PubMed: Plant-based foods as a source of lipotropes for human nutrition: a survey of in vivo studies. PubMed: Dietary choline and betaine intakes vary in an adult multiethnic population. PubMed: Olive oil by capillary electrophoresis: characterization and genuineness. PubMed: DNA methylation potential: dietary intake and blood concentrations of one-carbon metabolites and cofactors in rural African women. PubMed: Betaine supplement alleviates hepatic triglyceride accumulation of apolipoprotein E deficient mice via reducing methylation of peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor alpha promoter. PubMed: Hepatic methionine homeostasis is conserved in C57BL/6N mice on high-fat diet despite major changes in hepatic one-carbon metabolism. PubMed: Chemical composition and flavour characteristics of a liquid extract occurring as waste in crab (Ovalipes punctatus) processing. PubMed: Co-administration of methyl donors along with guanidinoacetic acid reduces the incidence of hyperhomocysteinaemia compared with guanidinoacetic acid administration alone. PubMed: The effect of bioactive complex of quercetin, selenium, catechins and curcumin on cardiovascular risk markers in healthy population after a two month consumption. PubMed: Ungeremine and Its hemisynthesized analogues as bactericides against Flavobacterium columnare. PubMed: Effects of dietary supplementation with betaine on a nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) mouse model. PubMed: Choline status and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 5 years of age in the Seychelles Child Development Nutrition Study. PubMed: Data-driven strategy for the discovery of potential urinary biomarkers of habitual dietary exposure. PubMed: Nutrients related to one-carbon metabolism and risk of renal cell cancer. PubMed: Hepatic metabolism of sulfur amino acids in db/db mice. PubMed: Reduced MTHFD1 activity in male mice perturbs folate- and choline-dependent one-carbon metabolism as well as transsulfuration. PubMed: Choline and betaine intake is inversely associated with breast cancer risk: a two-stage case-control study in China. PubMed: Low dietary folate and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase deficiency may lead to pregnancy complications through modulation of ApoAI and IFN-γ in spleen and placenta, and through reduction of methylation potential. PubMed: Protective effect of Phellinus linteus polysaccharide extracts against thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis in rats: a proteomics analysis. PubMed: Overcoming sodium toxicity by utilizing grass leaves as co-substrate during the start-up of batch thermophilic anaerobic digestion. PubMed: Choline and betaine food sources and intakes in Taiwanese. PubMed: Persistence of Salmonella enterica during dehydration and subsequent cold storage. PubMed: Determination of trimethylamine in spinach, cabbage, and lettuce at alkaline pH by headspace solid-phase microextraction. PubMed: Blood biomarkers of methylation in Down syndrome and metabolic simulations using a mathematical model. PubMed: Influence of media composition on the production of alkaline α-amylase from Bacillus subtilis CB-18. PubMed: Maternal intake of methyl-donor nutrients and child cognition at 3 years of age. PubMed: Dietary supplementation with methyl donors reduces fatty liver and modifies the fatty acid synthase DNA methylation profile in rats fed an obesogenic diet. PubMed: On the molecular mechanism of stabilization of proteins by cosolvents: role of Lifshitz electrodynamic forces. PubMed: Dietary choline and betaine intakes and risk of cardiovascular diseases: review of epidemiological evidence. PubMed: Global gene expression of Listeria monocytogenes to salt stress. PubMed: Pretreatment of the yeast antagonist, Candida oleophila, with glycine betaine increases oxidative stress tolerance in the microenvironment of apple wounds. PubMed: Effects of genotype and environment on the contents of betaine, choline, and trigonelline in cereal grains. PubMed: Epigenetic mechanisms in anti-cancer actions of bioactive food components--the implications in cancer prevention. PubMed: An introduction to the nutrition and metabolism of choline. PubMed: The effect of betaine on in vitro fermentation of carbohydrate and protein combinations under osmotic stress in pigs. PubMed: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomic analysis of livers from aged rats. PubMed: Mouse betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase deficiency reduces body fat via increasing energy expenditure and impairing lipid synthesis and enhancing glucose oxidation in white adipose tissue. PubMed: In silico assessment of the potential allergenicity of transgenes used for the development of GM food crops. PubMed: Folate gene polymorphisms MTR A2756G, MTRR A66G, and BHMT G742A and risk for coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. PubMed: Effect of long-term betaine supplementation on chemical and physical characteristics of three muscles from the Alentejano pig. PubMed: Determination of nonprotein amino acids and betaines in vegetable oils by flow injection triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry: a screening method for the detection of adulterations of olive oils. PubMed: Impact of high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets on liver metabolism studied in a rat model with a systems biology approach. PubMed: Occurrence of pipecolic acid and pipecolic acid betaine (homostachydrine) in Citrus genus plants. PubMed: Choline supplementation and measures of choline and betaine status: a randomised, controlled trial in postmenopausal women. PubMed: Folate and vitamin B12-related genes and risk for omphalocele. PubMed: S-Adenosylhomocysteine enhances DNA damage through increased β-amyloid formation and inhibition of the DNA-repair enzyme OGG1b in microglial BV-2 cells. PubMed: Nerve and behavioral responses of mice to various umami substances. PubMed: Nutritional influences on epigenetics and age-related disease. PubMed: Nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomics enable detection of the effects of a whole grain rye and rye bran diet on the metabolic profile of plasma in prostate cancer patients. PubMed: Variation of polyphenols and betaines in aerial parts of young, field-grown Amaranthus genotypes. PubMed: Stability and robustness of human metabolic phenotypes in response to sequential food challenges. PubMed: Larval feeding stimulants for a rutaceae-feeding swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus L. in Citrus unshiu leaves. PubMed: Nutrition delivery for obese ICU patients: delivery issues, lack of guidelines, and missed opportunities. PubMed: Gene polymorphisms and low dietary intake of micronutrients in coronary artery disease. PubMed: Rapid NMR method for the quantification of organic compounds in thin stillage. PubMed: Thermal and refining processes, not fermentation, tend to reduce lipotropic capacity of plant-based foods. PubMed: Inhibition of betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase in rats causes hyperhomocysteinemia and reduces liver cystathionine β-synthase activity and methylation capacity. PubMed: Betaines in fruits of Citrus genus plants. PubMed: Increased thermal and osmotic stress resistance in Listeria monocytogenes 568 grown in the presence of trehalose due to inactivation of the phosphotrehalase-encoding gene treA. PubMed: Tissue-specific alterations of methyl group metabolism with DNA hypermethylation in the Zucker (type 2) diabetic fatty rat. PubMed: Monitoring of microbial metabolites and bacterial diversity in beef stored under different packaging conditions. PubMed: Amelioration of D-galactosamine-induced acute liver injury in rats by dietary supplementation with betaine derived from sugar beet molasses. PubMed: Measurement of phospholipids by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry: the determination of choline containing compounds in foods. PubMed: Folate intake, MTHFR genotype, and sex modulate choline metabolism in mice. PubMed: [Experimental food-induced fatty liver and its adjuvant therapy with natural bioactive substances]. PubMed: Metabolomes of the psychrotolerant bacterium Listeria monocytogenes 10403S grown at 37 °C and 8 °C. PubMed: Glycine betaine improves oxidative stress tolerance and biocontrol efficacy of the antagonistic yeast Cystofilobasidium infirmominiatum. PubMed: Protective effect of quercetin, EGCG, catechin and betaine against oxidative stress induced by ethanol in vitro. PubMed: A role for proline synthesis and transport in Listeria monocytogenes barotolerance. PubMed: High intake of folate from food sources is associated with reduced risk of esophageal cancer in an Australian population. PubMed: Ethanol lowers glutathione in rat liver and brain and inhibits methionine synthase in a cobalamin-dependent manner. PubMed: Metabolomic analysis of livers and serum from high-fat diet induced obese mice. PubMed: Consumption of wheat aleurone-rich foods increases fasting plasma betaine and modestly decreases fasting homocysteine and LDL-cholesterol in adults. PubMed: Dietary intake of S-(alpha-carboxybutyl)-DL-homocysteine induces hyperhomocysteinemia in rats. PubMed: Physiological optimality, allocation trade-offs and antioxidant protection linked to better leaf yield performance in drought exposed mulberry. PubMed: Sulfoalkylbetaine-based monolithic column with mixed-mode of hydrophilic interaction and strong anion-exchange stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography. PubMed: Chemoattraction to dimethylsulfoniopropionate throughout the marine microbial food web. PubMed: Metabolic profiling strategy for discovery of nutritional biomarkers: proline betaine as a marker of citrus consumption. PubMed: New hypotheses for the health-protective mechanisms of whole-grain cereals: what is beyond fibre? PubMed: Determination of trigonelline in seeds and vegetable oils by capillary electrophoresis as a novel marker for the detection of adulterations in olive oils. PubMed: Choline intake and genetic polymorphisms influence choline metabolite concentrations in human breast milk and plasma. PubMed: Nutritional, biochemical, and pharmaceutical potential of proteins and peptides from jatropha: review. PubMed: Choline and betaine in health and disease. PubMed: Are dietary choline and betaine intakes determinants of total homocysteine concentration? PubMed: Choline and betaine intake and the risk of colorectal cancer in men. PubMed: Inhibitory kinetics of betaine on beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosaminidase from prawn (Litopenaeus vannamei). PubMed: Quantitative measurement of betaine and free choline in plasma, cereals and cereal products by isotope dilution LC-MS/MS. PubMed: Choline and betaine intake and risk of breast cancer among post-menopausal women. PubMed: Characterization of Chinese liquor starter, "Daqu", by flavor type with 1H NMR-based nontargeted analysis. PubMed: Rapid in vivo screening system for anti-oxidant activity using bacterial redox sensor strains. PubMed: Specific osmolyte transporters mediate bile tolerance in Listeria monocytogenes. PubMed: S-Adenosylhomocysteine increases beta-amyloid formation in BV-2 microglial cells by increased expressions of beta-amyloid precursor protein and presenilin 1 and by hypomethylation of these gene promoters. PubMed: Carnitine enhances the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in infant formula at 7 degrees C. PubMed: NMR-based metabonomics reveals that plasma betaine increases upon intake of high-fiber rye buns in hypercholesterolemic pigs. PubMed: Choline and risk of neural tube defects in a folate-fortified population. PubMed: Metabolomic insight into soy sauce through (1)H NMR spectroscopy. PubMed: NMR metabolic profiling of transgenic maize with the Cry1Ab gene. PubMed: Physical, microscopic and chemical characterisation of industrial rye and wheat brans from the Nordic countries. PubMed: Maternal nutrient intake and risks for transverse and longitudinal limb deficiencies: data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2003. PubMed: Repeatability and measurement error in the assessment of choline and betaine dietary intake: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. PubMed: Analysis of betaine and choline contents of aleurone, bran, and flour fractions of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Using (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. PubMed: Role of proP and proU in betaine uptake by Yersinia enterocolitica under cold and osmotic stress conditions. PubMed: Evaluations of the trans-sulfuration pathway in multiple liver toxicity studies. PubMed: Dietary patterns, food groups, and nutrients as predictors of plasma choline and betaine in middle-aged and elderly men and women. PubMed: Advances in protein-amino acid nutrition of poultry. PubMed: Type I diabetes leads to tissue-specific DNA hypomethylation in male rats. PubMed: Ethnicity and folate influence choline status in young women consuming controlled nutrient intakes. PubMed: Dietary factors associated with plasma high molecular weight and total adiponectin levels in apparently healthy women. PubMed: Manipulation of sinapine, choline and betaine accumulation in Arabidopsis seed: towards improving the nutritional value of the meal and enhancing the seedling performance under environmental stresses in oilseed crops. PubMed: Choline status is not a reliable indicator of moderate changes in dietary choline consumption in premenopausal women. PubMed: Characterization of the low-salinity stress in Vibrio vulnificus. PubMed: Dietary choline and betaine intakes in relation to concentrations of inflammatory markers in healthy adults: the ATTICA study. PubMed: Homocysteine concentration, related B vitamins, and betaine in pregnant women recruited to the Seychelles Child Development Study. PubMed: Is there a new component of the Mediterranean diet that reduces inflammation? PubMed: Betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase-2 is an S-methylmethionine-homocysteine methyltransferase. PubMed: Amiloride restores renal medullary osmolytes in lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. PubMed: Nutrients involved in one-carbon metabolism and risk of breast cancer among premenopausal women. PubMed: Glycine betaine improves Listeria monocytogenes tolerance to desiccation on parsley leaves independent of the osmolyte transporters BetL, Gbu and OpuC. PubMed: Dietary choline and betaine and the risk of distal colorectal adenoma in women. PubMed: Physiological and metabolic effects of prophylactic treatment with the osmolytes glycerol and betaine on Bos indicus steers during long duration transportation. PubMed: Usual choline and betaine dietary intake and incident coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. PubMed: Metabolite analyses of grain from maize hybrids grown in the United States under drought and watered conditions during the 2002 field season. PubMed: Folate intake and the MTHFR C677T genotype influence choline status in young Mexican American women. PubMed: DNA induces folding in alpha-synuclein: understanding the mechanism using chaperone property of osmolytes. PubMed: Increasing survival and efficacy of a bacterial biocontrol agent of fire blight of rosaceous plants by means of osmoadaptation. PubMed: Prospective study on dietary intakes of folate, betaine, and choline and cardiovascular disease risk in women. PubMed: The accumulation and synthesis of betaine in winter skate (Leucoraja ocellata). PubMed: Tolerance to high osmolality of the lactic acid bacterium Oenococcus oeni and identification of potential osmoprotectants. PubMed: New insights into the regulation of methyl group and homocysteine metabolism. PubMed: Modified culture protocol for isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from raw milk. PubMed: Purification of soluble and active RaxH, a transmembrane histidine protein kinase from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae required for AvrXa21 activity. PubMed: Standard infrared absorption spectrum of betaine and optimal conditions for its measurement. PubMed: Choline: are our university students eating enough? PubMed: Dimethylsulfoniopropionate uptake by marine phytoplankton. PubMed: The sigma factor RpoN (sigma54) is involved in osmotolerance in Listeria monocytogenes. PubMed: Liver choline dehydrogenase and kidney betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase expression are not affected by methionine or choline intake in growing rats. PubMed: Effect of folic acid and betaine supplementation on flow-mediated dilation: a randomized, controlled study in healthy volunteers. PubMed: Acute effect of folic acid, betaine, and serine supplements on flow-mediated dilation after methionine loading: a randomized trial. PubMed: Epicatechin gallate, a component of green tea, reduces halotolerance in Staphylococcus aureus. PubMed: Folate status modulates the induction of hepatic glycine N-methyltransferase and homocysteine metabolism in diabetic rats. PubMed: Sparing of methionine requirements: evaluation of human data takes sulfur amino acids beyond protein. PubMed: Inhibition of betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase causes hyperhomocysteinemia in mice. PubMed: Analysis of ingested material and urine by GC-MS and 1H NMR spectroscopy: poisoning of an adult with adulterated soda. PubMed: NMR-based metabonomic studies reveal changes in the biochemical profile of plasma and urine from pigs fed high-fibre rye bread. PubMed: Dietary choline and betaine assessed by food-frequency questionnaire in relation to plasma total homocysteine concentration in the Framingham Offspring Study. PubMed: Selection of surfactants for stable paraffin-in-water dispersions, undergoing solid-liquid transition of the dispersed particles. PubMed: Effects of Ionic and Osmotic Strength on the Glucosyltransferase of Rhizobium meliloti Responsible for Cyclic beta-(1,2)-Glucan Biosynthesis. PubMed: Influence of fermentation time, cryoprotectant and neutralization of cell concentrate on freeze-drying survival, storage stability, and acid and bile exposure of Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis cells produced without milk-based ingredients. PubMed: Comparison of different methods for the solubilisation of Neospora caninum (Phylum Apicomplexa) antigen. PubMed: Application of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography/comparative taste dilution analysis for identification of a bitter inhibitor by a combinatorial approach based on Maillard reaction chemistry. PubMed: Effect of individual amino acids and glucose on activation and germination of Rhizopus oligosporus sporangiospores in tempe starter. PubMed: Bioactive compounds in cod (Gadus morhua) products and suitability of 1H NMR metabolite profiling for classification of the products using multivariate data analyses. PubMed: Dietary determinants of plasma homocysteine concentrations. PubMed: Conformation-dependent inactivation of human betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase by hydrogen peroxide in vitro. PubMed: Taste-active maillard reaction products: the "tasty" world of nonvolatile maillard reaction products. PubMed: Choline supplemented as phosphatidylcholine decreases fasting and postmethionine-loading plasma homocysteine concentrations in healthy men. PubMed: Osmotically induced trehalose and glycine betaine accumulation improves tolerance to desiccation, survival and efficacy of the postharvest biocontrol agent Pantoea agglomerans EPS125. PubMed: The importance of (early) folate status to primary and secondary coronary artery disease prevention. PubMed: Betaine concentration as a determinant of fasting total homocysteine concentrations and the effect of folic acid supplementation on betaine concentrations. PubMed: Effect of homocysteine-lowering nutrients on blood lipids: results from four randomised, placebo-controlled studies in healthy humans. PubMed: Rates of cuticular penetration of chelated Fe(III): role of humidity, concentration, adjuvants, temperature, and type of chelate. PubMed: Ad libitum choline intake in healthy individuals meets or exceeds the proposed adequate intake level. PubMed: Discovery of the ergothioneine transporter. PubMed: Effect of betaine supplementation on changes in hepatic metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids and experimental cholestasis induced by alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate. PubMed: Effects of betaine intake on plasma homocysteine concentrations and consequences for health. PubMed: Role for compatible solutes glycine betaine and L-carnitine in listerial barotolerance. PubMed: Choline- and betaine-defined diets for use in clinical research and for the management of trimethylaminuria. PubMed: Triiodothyronine treatment attenuates the induction of hepatic glycine N-methyltransferase by retinoic acid and elevates plasma homocysteine concentrations in rats. PubMed: Modulation of methyl group metabolism by streptozotocin-induced diabetes and all-trans-retinoic acid. PubMed: High sodium chloride intake decreases betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase expression in guinea pig liver and kidney. PubMed: Betaine in human nutrition. PubMed: Periconceptional dietary intake of choline and betaine and neural tube defects in offspring. PubMed: Glucose and electrolyte supplementation of drinking water improve the immune responses of poults with inanition. PubMed: Oligomerization is required for betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase function. PubMed: Molecular and physiological analysis of the role of osmolyte transporters BetL, Gbu, and OpuC in growth of Listeria monocytogenes at low temperatures. PubMed: Dissecting the catalytic mechanism of betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase by use of intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence and site-directed mutagenesis. PubMed: Technologies for the control of fat and lean deposition in livestock. PubMed: Transgenic tobacco plants accumulating osmolytes show reduced oxidative damage under freezing stress. PubMed: Regulation of transcription of compatible solute transporters by the general stress sigma factor, sigmaB, in Listeria monocytogenes. PubMed: Evaluation of two recovery methods for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by PCR: direct-dilution--centrifugation and C(18)-carboxypropylbetaine processing. PubMed: Role of the glycine betaine and carnitine transporters in adaptation of Listeria monocytogenes to chill stress in defined medium. PubMed: Low dose betaine supplementation leads to immediate and long term lowering of plasma homocysteine in healthy men and women. PubMed: Betaine in sub-acute and sub-chronic rat studies. PubMed: Betaine and carnitine uptake systems in Listeria monocytogenes affect growth and survival in foods and during infection. PubMed: Studies on the mechanism of the osmoresistance of spores of Bacillus subtilis. PubMed: Potential osmoprotectants for the lactic acid bacteria Pediococcus pentosaceus and Tetragenococcus halophila. PubMed: The role of the sigB gene in the general stress response of Listeria monocytogenes varies between a strain of serotype 1/2a and a strain of serotype 4c. PubMed: Concentrations of choline-containing compounds and betaine in common foods. PubMed: Betaine supplementation lowers plasma homocysteine in healthy men and women. PubMed: Gene array-based identification of changes that contribute to ethanol tolerance in ethanologenic Escherichia coli: comparison of KO11 (parent) to LY01 (resistant mutant). PubMed: Lipid class composition of the microalga Pavlova lutheri: eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. PubMed: Three transporters mediate uptake of glycine betaine and carnitine by Listeria monocytogenes in response to hyperosmotic stress. PubMed: Differential chemosensory feeding behaviour by three co-occurring mysids (Crustacea, Mysidacea) from southeastern Tasmania. PubMed: Role of ctc from Listeria monocytogenes in osmotolerance. PubMed: Influence of interactions between temperature, ferric ammonium citrate and glycine betaine on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes in a defined medium. PubMed: Comparative mammalian choline metabolism with emphasis on the high-yielding dairy cow. PubMed: Gbu glycine betaine porter and carnitine uptake in osmotically stressed Listeria monocytogenes cells. PubMed: Quantitation of choline and its metabolites in tissues and foods by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-isotope dilution mass spectrometry. PubMed: Multiple deletions of the osmolyte transporters BetL, Gbu, and OpuC of Listeria monocytogenes affect virulence and growth at high osmolarity. PubMed: Betaine and homocysteine concentrations in foods. PubMed: Humectant permeability influences growth and compatible solute uptake by Staphylococcus aureus subjected to osmotic stress. PubMed: Identification of opuC as a chill-activated and osmotically activated carnitine transporter in Listeria monocytogenes. PubMed: Detection of genetically modified coho salmon using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. PubMed: Elevated carnitine accumulation by Listeria monocytogenes impaired in glycine betaine transport is insufficient to restore wild-type cryotolerance in milk whey. PubMed: Attenuation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatotoxicity by betaine or taurine in rats. PubMed: Random mutagenesis of the zinc-binding motif of betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase reveals that Gly 214 is essential. PubMed: Effect of dietary betaine on nutrient utilization and partitioning in the young growing feed-restricted pig. PubMed: High performance liquid chromatography of phenolic choline ester fragments derived by chemical and enzymatic fragmentation processes: analysis of sinapine in rape seed. PubMed: Betaine and homocysteine concentrations in infant formulae and breast milk. PubMed: Methylamine in human urine. PubMed: Comparative evaluation of four decontamination protocols for the isolation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from milk. PubMed: Analysis of the role of OpuC, an osmolyte transport system, in salt tolerance and virulence potential of Listeria monocytogenes. PubMed: Influence of heavy metals on the accumulation of trimethylglycine, putrescine and spermine in food plants. PubMed: Uptake of choline from salmon flesh and its conversion to glycine betaine in response to salt stress in Shewanella putrefaciens. PubMed: The role of L-carnitine and glycine betaine in the survival and sub-lethal injury of non-growing Listeria monocytogenes cells during chilled storage. PubMed: A novel method to analyze betaine in chicken liver: effect of dietary betaine and choline supplementation on the hepatic betaine concentration in broiler chicks. PubMed: Can betaine partially replace or enhance the effect of methionine by improving broiler growth and carcase characteristics? PubMed: Role of sigma(B) in adaptation of Listeria monocytogenes to growth at low temperature. PubMed: Analysis of the role of betL in contributing to the growth and survival of Listeria monocytogenes LO28. PubMed: Isolation and characterization of a mouse betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase gene and pseudogene. PubMed: Growth of Lactococcus lactis strains at low water activity: correlation with the ability to accumulate glycine betaine. PubMed: Fatty acid membrane composition and activation of glycine-betaine transport in Lactococcus lactis subjected to osmotic stress. PubMed: Effect of low water activity on staphylococcal enterotoxin A and B biosynthesis. PubMed: Osmotic and chill activation of glycine betaine porter II in Listeria monocytogenes membrane vesicles. PubMed: Osmoprotectants and cryoprotectants for Listeria monocytogenes. PubMed: A single-step purification for glycine betaine determination in plant extracts by isocratic HPLC PubMed: A single-step purification for glycine betaine determination in plant extracts by isocratic HPLC. PubMed: Osmoprotection of Escherichia coli by peptone is mediated by the uptake and accumulation of free proline but not of proline-containing peptides. PubMed: Tuning breadth and sex-specific sensitivity in chemosensory neurons of male and female Uca pugnax. PubMed: Metabolic functions of L-carnitine and its effects as feed additive in horses. A review. PubMed: Recombinant human liver betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase: identification of three cysteine residues critical for zinc binding. PubMed: Survival of Lactobacillus helveticus entrapped in Ca-alginate in relation to water content, storage and rehydration. PubMed: Identification of an ATP-driven, osmoregulated glycine betaine transport system in Listeria monocytogenes. PubMed: Dietary precursors of trimethylamine in man: a pilot study. PubMed: The storage life of packed shredded Iceberg lettuce dipped in glycine betaine solutions. PubMed: Identification and disruption of BetL, a secondary glycine betaine transport system linked to the salt tolerance of Listeria monocytogenes LO28. PubMed: Interaction between dietary methionine and methyl donor intake on rat liver betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase gene expression and organization of the human gene. PubMed: A possible role of ProP, ProU and CaiT in osmoprotection of Escherichia coli by carnitine. PubMed: Final optical density and growth rate; effects of temperature and NaCl differ from acidity. PubMed: Effects of singly administered betaine on hepatotoxicity of chloroform in mice. PubMed: Identification of the gene encoding the alternative sigma factor sigmaB from Listeria monocytogenes and its role in osmotolerance. PubMed: Maternal epigenetics and methyl supplements affect agouti gene expression in Avy/a mice. PubMed: Inhibitors of fatty acid oxidation (mercaptoacetate, R-3-amino-4-trimethylaminobutyric acid) stimulate feeding in mice. PubMed: Skin irritation potential of mixed surfactant systems. PubMed: Hepatic and renal betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase activity in pigs as affected by dietary intakes of sulfur amino acids, choline, and betaine. PubMed: Betaine and L-carnitine transport by Listeria monocytogenes Scott A in response to osmotic signals. PubMed: Critical role of anteiso-C15:0 fatty acid in the growth of Listeria monocytogenes at low temperatures. PubMed: Visual and chemical release of feeding behavior in adult rainbow trout. PubMed: Elemental and configural learning and the perception of odorant mixtures by the spiny lobster Panulirus argus. PubMed: Replacement value of betaine for DL-methionine in male broiler chicks. 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