Identification

Nametriethyl citrate
IUPACtriethyl 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate
CAS Number77-93-0
EINECS201-070-7
FDA UNII8Z96QXD6UM
Molecular FormulaC12 H20 O7
Molecular Weight276.28580000
MDL NumberMFCD00009201
Nikkaji NumberJ4.215C
Beilstein1801199
CoE Number11762

Regulatory

FDA/DG SANTE Petitions, Reviews, Notices184.1911
JECFA Food Flavoring629 triethyl citrate
JECFA Food AdditiveTriethyl Citrate
GSFA CodexTriethyl citrate (1505)
DG SANTE Food Flavourings09.512 triethyl citrate
DG SANTE Food Additivestriethyl citrate
DG SANTE Food Contact Materialstriethyl citrate
FEMA Number3083
FDANo longer provide for the use of these seven synthetic flavoring substances
FDA Mainterm (SATF)77-93-0 ; TRIETHYL CITRATE
FDA RegulationFDA PART 175 -- INDIRECT FOOD ADDITIVES: ADHESIVES AND COMPONENTS OF COATINGS

Physical Properties

Appearance colorless clear oily liquid (est)
Assay 99.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed Yes
Specific Gravity 1.13500 to 1.13900 @ 25.00 °C.
Pounds per Gallon - (est). 9.444 to 9.478
Refractive Index 1.43200 to 1.44400 @ 20.00 °C.
Melting Point -46.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point 127.00 °C. @ 1.00 mm Hg
Acid Value 0.50 max. KOH/g
Vapor Pressure 0.000175 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est)
Vapor Density 9.7 ( Air = 1 )
Flash Point 245.00 °F. TCC ( 118.33 °C. )
logP (o/w) 1.267 (est)
Shelf Life 24.00 month(s) or longer if stored properly.
Storage store in cool, dry place in tightly sealed containers, protected from heat and light.
Soluble in water, 6.5 gm/100 ml water
Insoluble in water
Stability will not support fungous grouth in resins

Cosmetic Information

CosIngcosmetic data
Cosmetic Usesantioxidants

Organoleptic Properties

Odor Strength none
Substantivity 216 Hour(s)
Odor Description at 100.00 %.
Odor sample from Berje Inc.
Taste Description fruty medicinal floral bitter

Safety Information

Preferred SDSView
European informationMost important hazard(s):
Human Experience20 % solution: no irritation or sensitization.
Oral/Parenteral Toxicityoral-rat LD50 5900 mg/kg
Dermal Toxicityskin-rabbit LD50 > 5000 mg/kg
Inhalation Toxicityinhalation-rat LC50 1300 ppm/6H

GHS Classification

['GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)', 'GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements', 'BEHAVIORAL: ALTERED SLEEP TIME (INCLUDING CHANGE IN RIGHTING REFLEX)\nLUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION', 'LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION\nBEHAVIORAL: ALTERED SLEEP TIME (INCLUDING CHANGE IN RIGHTING REFLEX)', 'LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION\nBEHAVIORAL: ALTERED SLEEP TIME (INCLUDING CHANGE IN RIGHTING REFLEX)']

Safety in Use

Categorycarrier solvents/deluents for flavors and/or fragrances
Recommendation for triethyl citrate usage levels up tonot for fragrance use.
Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-EU)2900.00 (μg/capita/day)
baked goods-
beverages(nonalcoholic)-
beverages(alcoholic)-
breakfast cereal-
cheese-
chewing gum-
condiments / relishes-
confectionery froastings-
egg products-
fats / oils-
fish products-
frozen dairy-
fruit ices-
gelatins / puddings-
granulated sugar-
gravies-
hard candy-
imitation dairy-
instant coffee / tea-
jams / jellies-
meat products-
milk products-
nut products-
other grains-
poultry-
processed fruits-
processed vegetables-
reconstituted vegetables-
seasonings / flavors-
snack foods-
soft candy-
soups-
sugar substitutes-
sweet sauces-

ACS International GmbH

Creativity Beyond Chemistry

Production • Distribution • Sourcing • Logistics • Consulting

View All Website +49 (0) 55 31 - 99 06-0 info@acsint.com

Advanced Biotech. Inc.

Inspired by Nature

A diverse range of products, all meeting our stringent commitment to quality.

View All Website 973-339-6242 info@adv-bio.com

Berje Inc.

Where the world comes to its senses

Where the world comes to its senses - Berjé is a global distributor of Essential Oils and Aromatic Chemicals.

View All Website 973-748-8980 tlauzurica@berjeinc.com

BOC Sciences

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Quality supplier of research chemicals and biochemicals including inhibitors, building blocks, GMP Products, impurities and metabolites, APIs for Veterinary, Natural Compounds, ADCs, Stem Cell Molecul...

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Charkit Chemical Corporation

The Specialty Chemical Specialists

Explore this website to discover the products and services that Charkit provides for your industry and please contact us directly to find out how we can be of service to you.

View All Website 203-299-3220 sales@charkit.com

ECSA Chemicals

Human Chemistry

ECSA Chemicals has been active since 1913 in the trading and international commerce of raw materials. With an organisation divided into industrial segments managed by specialists, it has become one of...

View All Website +41 91 695 88 00 marketing@ecsa.ch

Glentham Life Sciences Ltd

The Chemical, Biochemical & Research Essentials Supplier

Glentham Life Sciences is a supplier of fine chemicals and raw materials with warehousing, laboratories and packaging facilities in the UK.

View All Website +44 (0) 1225 667798 info@glentham.com

Global Essence Inc.

Preferred Partner

Accommodate each customers unique needs.

View All Website 001 732 677 1100 info@globalessenceuk.com

Indukern, S.A. F&F Ingredients Division

Commitment to quality

Idukern F&F Ingredients is your partner for the fragrance and flavor ingredients.

View All Website +34 93 506 91 00 info@indukern.es

Lluch Essence S.L.

A family company dedicated to sales and distribution

Flexibility, availability, price and quality.

View All Website 34 93 379 38 49 web@lluche.com

M&U International LLC

Steady supply & demand

Meeting customers increasing demands at home as well as abroad.

View All Website 908-359-9000 sales@mu-intel.com

Moellhausen S.P.A.

THE CHEMISTRY OF EMOTIONS

Innovation and commitment in the name of excellence.

View All Website +39 039.685.6262

OQEMA

With a focus on providing the highest level of service

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View All Website +1 973 886 3778 fandf@oqema.co.uk

Pell Wall Perfumes

Hand-made fragrances

Pell Wall maintains a broad palette of ingredients & in order to keep stocks fresh & the options wide we also sell from our own stock.

View All Website +44 (0) 20 3745 0887 https://pellwall.com/contact-us/

Penta International Corporation

Chemistry innovation

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View All Website (973) 740-2300 lisaa@pentamfg.com

Sigma-Aldrich

Complete Supply Chain

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Sunaux International

Buy With Confidence

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Synerzine, Inc.

Innovation. Customization. Aroma Ingredients.

Synerzine is a leading supplier of flavor and fragrance ingredients.

View All Website (404) 524-6744 info@synerzine.com

Taytonn ASCC Pte Ltd

Supplying Asia Pacific

We fully understand the demands of the F&F industry and we endeavour to supply quality products, with ready availability and a personalised service.

View All Website + 65 - 6861 8113 info@taytonnascc.com

TCI AMERICA

Moving Your Chemistry Forward

We continuously strive to advance our technology.

View All Website 1-800-423-8616 Sales-US@TCIchemicals.com;

The Good Scents Company

Fragrance Creators

For your fragrance creations.

View All Website 414-764-2659 goodscnt@thegoodscentscompany.com

The John D. Walsh Company, Inc

Suppliers Since 1942

Supplying the fragrance and flavor industry with high quality products.

View All Website 973-962-1400 info@johndwalsh.com

The Lermond Company

Your Sourcing Resource

The Lermond family has been sourcing raw materials for the flavor and fragrance industry for nearly 7 decades.

View All Website 201-896-3300 info@lermond.com

R C Treatt and Co Ltd

Innovative ingredient solutions

World-leading innovative ingredient solutions provider for the flavour, fragrance and FMCG industries.

View All Website +1 863 668 9500 enquiries@treatt.com

Ernesto Ventós S.A.

Leaders in essence

We employ our five senses to do our job well.

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Vigon International

Passion for Simplicity

Manufacturer and supplier of high quality flavor and fragrance ingredients.

View All Website 570-476-6300 sales@vigon.com

Potential Uses

fixer solvents

Natural Occurrence

cabbage wine white wine

Synonyms

citric acid triethyl ester citroflex 2 diethyl 3-(ethoxycarbonyl)-3-hydroxypentane-1,5-dioate ethyl citrate eudraflex hydragen cat 2- hydroxy-1,2,3-propane tricarboxylic acid triethyl ester triethyl 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propane tricarboxylate triethyl 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propane- tricarboxylate triethyl 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylate triethyl 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate 1,2,3- triethyl 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate triethyl cirtrate nat. triethyl citrate triethyl citrate BP pharmaceutical grade triethyl citrate FCC grade triethyl citrate N.F. grade triethyl citrate natural triethyl citrate regular grade triethyl citrate synthetic triethyl citrate, natural triethyl ctirate BP/EP pharmaceutical grade uniplex 80 Info: EVALUATION OF CERTAIN FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS PubMed: Near-infrared spectroscopic analysis of the breaking force of extended-release matrix tablets prepared by roller-compaction: influence of plasticizer levels and sintering temperature. PubMed: "Green" films from renewable resources: properties of epoxidized soybean oil plasticized ethyl cellulose films. PubMed: Physicochemical properties and anti-Propionibacterium acnes activity of film-forming solutions containing alpha-mangostin-rich extract. PubMed: Design of innovated lipid-based floating beads loaded with an antispasmodic drug: in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation. PubMed: Plasticized branched aliphatic oligoesters as potential mucoadhesive drug carriers. PubMed: Polyvinyl acetate-based film coatings. PubMed: Effect of type and ratio of solubilising polymer on characteristics of hot-melt extruded orodispersible films. PubMed: [Development and in vitro evaluation of estradiol transdermal film-forming spray]. PubMed: Plasticizer effects on physical-mechanical properties of solvent cast Soluplus® films. PubMed: Salicylic acid peel incorporating triethyl citrate and ethyl linoleate in the treatment of moderate acne: a new therapeutic approach. PubMed: Analysis of curing of a sustained release coating formulation by application of NIR spectroscopy to monitor changes physical-mechanical properties. PubMed: The effect of plasticizers on the erosion and mechanical properties of polymeric films. PubMed: Preparation and evaluation of sustained-release doxazosin mesylate pellets. PubMed: [Preliminary study on chemical constituents seperated from Cayratia japonica]. PubMed: A novel electrostatic dry coating process for enteric coating of tablets with Eudragit(®) L100-55. PubMed: Mucoadhesive multiparticulate patch for the intrabuccal controlled delivery of lidocaine. PubMed: Preparation and evaluation of sustained-release matrix tablets based on metoprolol and an acrylic carrier using injection moulding. PubMed: Comparison of plasticizer effect on thermo-responsive properties of Eudragit RS films. PubMed: Osmotic pellet system comprising osmotic core and in-process amorphized drug in polymer-surfactant layer for controlled delivery of poorly water-soluble drug. PubMed: Inactivation of Salmonella spp. in liquid whole egg using pulsed electric fields, heat, and additives. PubMed: In vitro and in vivo evaluation of gliclazide push-pull osmotic pump coated with aqueous colloidal polymer dispersions. PubMed: Moisture plasticization for enteric Eudragit® L30D-55-coated pellets prior to compression into tablets. PubMed: Eudragit(®) RS PO/RL PO as rate-controlling matrix-formers via roller compaction: Influence of formulation and process variables on functional attributes of granules and tablets. PubMed: In vitro and in vivo evaluation of multilayered pastilles for chronotherapeutic management of nocturnal asthma. PubMed: Vascular effects of paclitaxel following drug-eluting balloon angioplasty in a porcine coronary model: the importance of excipients. PubMed: Ethylcellulose-based matrix-type microspheres: influence of plasticizer RATIO as pore-forming agent. PubMed: Evaluating the process parameters of the dry coating process using a 2(5-1) factorial design. PubMed: Preparation of a ligustrazine ethosome patch and its evaluation in vitro and in vivo. PubMed: Development and evaluation of in situ novel intragastric controlled-release formulation of hydrochlorothiazide. PubMed: Design of a combined process for the inactivation of Salmonella Enteritidis in liquid whole egg at 55°C. PubMed: Comparison of physicomechanical properties of films prepared from organic solutions and aqueous dispersion of Eudragit RL. PubMed: Evaluation of certain food additives. Seventy-first report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. PubMed: The use of long acting subcutaneous levonorgestrel (LNG) gel depot as an effective contraceptive option for cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus). PubMed: The use of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) to evaluate plasticization of acrylic polymer films under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. PubMed: Sustained release coating of tablets with Eudragit(®) RS/RL using a novel electrostatic dry powder coating process. PubMed: Influence of plasticizer type and level on the properties of Eudragit S100 matrix pellets prepared by hot-melt extrusion. PubMed: Applications of KinetiSol dispersing for the production of plasticizer free amorphous solid dispersions. PubMed: Curing of aqueous polymeric film coatings: Importance of the coating level and type of plasticizer. PubMed: Properties of theophylline tablets dry powder coated with Eudragit E PO and Eudragit L 100-55. PubMed: Properties of melt extruded enteric matrix pellets. PubMed: Precursor effects of citric acid and citrates on ZnO crystal formation. PubMed: Properties of theophylline tablets dry powder coated with Eudragit((R)) E PO and Eudragit((R)) L 100-55. PubMed: Preparation and in vitro characterization of piroxicam enteric coated pellets using powder layering technique. PubMed: Development and characterization of extended release Kollidon SR mini-matrices prepared by hot-melt extrusion. PubMed: Development and evaluation of a time-specific pulsatile-release tablet of aceclofenac: a solution for morning pain in rheumatoid arthritis. PubMed: Influence of additives on melt viscosity, surface tension, and film formation of dry powder coatings. PubMed: Effect of plasticizer on release kinetics of diclofenac sodium pellets coated with Eudragit RS 30 D. PubMed: Influence of the components of Kollicoat SR film on mechanical properties of floating pellets from the point of view of tableting. PubMed: Designing, optimisation & characterization of sustained release matrix pellets prepared by extrusion spheronization containing mixture of proteolytic enzymes. PubMed: Influence of plasticizers on the stability and release of a prodrug of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol incorporated in poly (ethylene oxide) matrices. PubMed: Iron sequestration on skin: a new route to improved deodorancy. PubMed: Influence of fumed silicon dioxide on the stabilization of Eudragit RS/RL 30 D film-coated theophylline pellets. PubMed: Investigation of the drug release and surface morphological properties of film-coated pellets, and physical, thermal and mechanical properties of free films as a function of various curing conditions. PubMed: Preparation and evaluation of diltiazem hydrochloride diffusion-controlled transdermal delivery system. PubMed: The manufacture and characterisation of hot-melt extruded enteric tablets. PubMed: Myotoxicity studies of O/W-in situ forming microparticle systems. PubMed: Design and study of ibuprofen disintegrating sustained-release tablets comprising coated pellets. PubMed: Effect of curing on water diffusivities in acrylate free films as measured via a sorption technique. PubMed: Formulation and statistical optimization of a novel crosslinked polymeric anti-tuberculosis drug delivery system. PubMed: Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study of a lotion containing triethyl citrate and ethyl linoleate in the treatment of acne vulgaris. PubMed: Controlled release multiparticulate beads coated with starch acetate: material characterization, and identification of critical formulation and process variables. PubMed: Influence of processing parameters and formulation factors on the drug release from tablets powder-coated with Eudragit L 100-55. PubMed: [Measurement of adhesive properties of polymers in vitro]. PubMed: Stability of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) and leuprolide acetate in in-situ forming drug delivery systems. PubMed: Influence of plasticizer level on the drug release from sustained release film coated and hot-melt extruded dosage forms. PubMed: Relationship between drug dissolution and leaching of plasticizer for pellets coated with an aqueous Eudragit S100:L100 dispersion. PubMed: Controlled release of a poorly water-soluble drug from hot-melt extrudates containing acrylic polymers. PubMed: The influence of different plasticizers and polymers on the mechanical and thermal properties, porosity and drug permeability of free shellac films. PubMed: Development of near zero-order release dosage forms using three-dimensional printing (3-DP) technology. PubMed: Physicochemical properties of enteric films prepared from aqueous dispersions and organic solutions. PubMed: Development and validation of a gradient HPLC method for the determination of clindamycin and related compounds in a novel tablet formulation. PubMed: Physicochemical characterization and mechanisms of release of theophylline from melt-extruded dosage forms based on a methacrylic acid copolymer. PubMed: Enhanced efficacy of triprolidine by transdermal application of the EVA matrix system in rabbits and rats. PubMed: Asymmetric membrane capsules for delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs by osmotic effects. PubMed: Quantification of the leaching of triethyl citrate/polysorbate 80 mixtures from Eudragit RS films by differential scanning calorimetry. PubMed: Compressibility of floating pellets with verapamil hydrochloride coated with dispersion Kollicoat SR 30 D. PubMed: Antihistamine effects of triprolidine from the transdermal administration of the TPX matrix in rats. PubMed: XEDS-mapping for explaining release patterns from single pellets. PubMed: The effect of solvent interactions on alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrin/flavor molecular inclusion complexes. PubMed: Study of triethyl citrate migration from coating polymers to tablet cores. PubMed: Properties of hot-melt extruded tablet formulations for the colonic delivery of 5-aminosalicylic acid. PubMed: Physical characterization of coupled poly(lactic acid)/starch/maleic anhydride blends plasticized by acetyl triethyl citrate. PubMed: "Green" nanocomposites from cellulose acetate bioplastic and clay: effect of eco-friendly triethyl citrate plasticizer. PubMed: Polymer blends used for the aqueous coating of solid dosage forms: importance of the type of plasticizer. PubMed: Compression of pellets coated with various aqueous polymer dispersions. PubMed: Biodegradable films of partly branched poly(l-lactide)-co-poly(epsilon-caprolactone) copolymer: modulation of phase morphology, plasticization properties and thermal depolymerization. PubMed: Medications as a source of human exposure to phthalates. PubMed: Preparation of buccal patch composed of carbopol, poloxamer and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. PubMed: Effect of curing conditions and plasticizer level on the release of highly lipophilic drug from coated multiparticulate drug delivery system. PubMed: Formulation study for lansoprazole fast-disintegrating tablet. II. Effect of triethyl citrate on the quality of the products. PubMed: Drug release from Kollicoat SR 30D-coated nonpareil beads: evaluation of coating level, plasticizer type, and curing condition. PubMed: Formulation study for lansoprazole fast-disintegrating tablet. I. Effect of compression on dissolution behavior. PubMed: Enhanced film-forming properties for ethyl cellulose and starch acetate using n-alkenyl succinic anhydrides as novel plasticizers. PubMed: Time-dependent mechanical properties of polymeric coatings used in rupturable pulsatile release dosage forms. PubMed: Influence of methylparaben as a solid-state plasticizer on the physicochemical properties of Eudragit RS PO hot-melt extrudates. PubMed: Press-coating of immediate release powders onto coated controlled release tablets with adhesives. PubMed: Statistical optimisation of diclofenac sustained release pellets coated with polymethacrylic films. PubMed: Influence of thermal processing on the properties of chlorpheniramine maleate tablets containing an acrylic polymer. PubMed: Effects of fragrance inhalation on sympathetic activity in normal adults. PubMed: Final report on the safety assessment of acetyl triethyl citrate, acetyl tributyl citrate, acetyl trihexyl citrate, and acetyl trioctyl citrate. PubMed: Properties of heat-humidity cured cellulose acetate phthalate free films. PubMed: Solid-state plasticization of an acrylic polymer with chlorpheniramine maleate and triethyl citrate. PubMed: Alleviating effects of plant-derived fragrances on stress-induced hyperthermia in rats. PubMed: Starch acetate--a novel film-forming polymer for pharmaceutical coatings. PubMed: The influence of plasticizer on heat-humidity curing of cellulose acetate phthalate coated beads. PubMed: Influence of plasticization time, curing conditions, storage time, and core properties on the drug release from Aquacoat-coated pellets. PubMed: Acrylic resins as rate-controlling membranes in novel formulation of a nine-day 17beta-estradiol transdermal delivery system: in vitro and release modifier effect evaluation. PubMed: Control and stability of drug release from diffusion pellets coated with the aqueous quaternary polymethacrylate dispersion Eudragit RS 30 D. PubMed: Influence of film additives on stabilizing drug release rates from pellets coated with acrylic polymers. PubMed: Drug release from and mechanical properties of press-coated tablets with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate and plasticizers in the outer shell. PubMed: Formulation, characterization, and in vitro release of glyburide from proliposomal beads. PubMed: Influence of curing on the adhesive and thermomechanical properties of an applied acrylic polymer. PubMed: Release performance of a poorly soluble drug from a novel, Eudragit-based multi-unit erosion matrix. PubMed: Physicomechanical properties of biodegradable poly(D,L-lactide) and poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) films in the dry and wet states. PubMed: Controlled release of drugs from injectable in situ formed biodegradable PLGA microspheres: effect of various formulation variables. PubMed: Influence of vitamin E TPGS on the properties of hydrophilic films produced by hot-melt extrusion. PubMed: Comparative studies with Kollicoat MAE 30 D and Kollicoat MAE 30 DP in aqueous spray dispersions and enteric coatings on highly swellable caffeine cores. PubMed: Development of matrix-based theophylline sustained-release microtablets. PubMed: The effects of plasticizers on the release of metoprolol tartrate from granules coated with a polymethacrylate film. PubMed: Variation of composition of an enteric formulation based on Kollicoat MAE 30 D. PubMed: Aqueous ethyl cellulose dispersion containing plasticizers of different water solubility and hydroxypropyl methyl-cellulose as coating material for diffusion pellets II: properties of sprayed films. PubMed: Factors affecting membrane-controlled drug release for an osmotic pump tablet (OPT) utilizing (SBE)(7m)-beta-CD as both a solubilizer and osmotic agent. PubMed: Tackiness of acrylic and cellulosic polymer films used in the coating of solid dosage forms. PubMed: Dry coating: an innovative enteric coating method using a cellulose derivative. PubMed: Influence of aqueous coatings on the stability of enteric coated pellets and tablets. PubMed: Influence of plasticizers and drugs on the physical-mechanical properties of hydroxypropylcellulose films prepared by hot melt extrusion. PubMed: Aqueous ethyl cellulose dispersions containing plasticizers of different water solubility and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as coating material for diffusion pellets. I. Drug release rates from coated pellets. PubMed: Thermal and mechanical characterization of cellulose acetate phthalate films for pharmaceutical tablet coating: effect of humidity during measurements. PubMed: Fabrication of multiunit controlled-release phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride tablets. PubMed: Effects of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and ethylcellulose on alginate microspheres prepared by emulsification. PubMed: Gas chromatographic determination of organic acids from fruit juices by combined resin mediated methylation and extraction in supercritical carbon dioxide. PubMed: Formulation and preparation of controlled release pellets of salbutamol by the air suspension technique. PubMed: An in vitro method to investigate food effects on drug release from film-coated beads. PubMed: Variables that affect the mechanism of drug release from osmotic pumps coated with acrylate/methacrylate copolymer latexes. PubMed: Calcium alginate beads as core carriers of 5-aminosalicylic acid. PubMed: Spontaneous formation of drug-containing acrylic nanoparticles. PubMed: [Antiperspirants and deodorants--ingredients and evaluation]. PubMed: Skin metabolism and transdermal absorption of viprostol, a synthetic PGE2 analog, in the rat: effect of vehicle. PubMed: Fluorometric documentation of increased cutaneous blood flow after topical application of a PGE2 analog in man. PubMed: Nontoxic nerve guide tubes support neovascular growth in transected rat optic nerve. PubMed: Synthesis and characterization of phosphocitric acid, a potent inhibitor of hydroxylapatite crystal growth. PubMed: Mechanistic toxicology of triethyl citrate in cultured mammalian cells by cinematography. PubMed: Mechanistic toxicology of triethyl citrate in mouse fibroblast cells by liquid scintillation techniques. PubMed: Growth changes in mammalian cell cultures by plastic additives (effect of triethyl citrate). PubMed: Toxicology of the citric acid esters: tributyl citrate, acetyl tributyl citrate, triethyl citrate, and acetyl triethyl citrate.