canthaxanthin
all-trans,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione
Identification
| Name | canthaxanthin |
| CAS Number | 514-78-3 |
| EINECS | 208-187-2 |
| FDA UNII | 4C3C6403MU |
| Molecular Formula | C40 H52 O2 |
| Molecular Weight | 564.85284000 |
| MDL Number | MFCD00016364 |
| Nikkaji Number | J6.290A |
| Beilstein | 1898520 |
Regulatory
| FDA/DG SANTE Petitions, Reviews, Notices | EU SANCO |
| JECFA Food Additive | Canthaxanthin |
| GSFA Codex | Canthaxanthin (161g) |
| DG SANTE Food Additives | canthaxanthin |
| FDA Mainterm (SATF) | 514-78-3 ; CANTHAXANTHIN |
| FDA Regulation | FDA PART 73 -- LISTING OF COLOR ADDITIVES EXEMPT FROM CERTIFICATION |
Physical Properties
| Appearance | deep violet crystalline powder (est) |
| Assay | 96.00 to 100.00 |
| Food Chemicals Codex Listed | No |
| Boiling Point | 717.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg |
| Flash Point | 489.00 °F. TCC ( 253.89 °C. ) |
| logP (o/w) | 9.526 (est) |
| Storage | store under nitrogen. |
| air and light sensitive | store protected from air and light. |
| Soluble in | alcohol |
| Insoluble in | water |
Cosmetic Information
| CosIng | cosmetic data |
| Cosmetic Uses | cosmetic colorants |
No sensory data available
Safety Information
| Oral/Parenteral Toxicity | oral-mouse LD50 10000 mg/kg |
| Dermal Toxicity | Not determined |
| Inhalation Toxicity | Not determined |
GHS Classification
['GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)', 'GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements']
Safety in Use
| Category | coloring agents |
| Recommendation for canthaxanthin usage levels up to | not for fragrance use. |
| Recommendation for canthaxanthin flavor usage levels up to | not for flavor use. |
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Potential Uses
Natural Occurrence
Synonyms
b,b-carotene-4,4'-dione (9CI)
c.i. 40850
C.I. food orange 8
cantaxanthin
cantaxanthine
canthaxanthin
carophyll red
carotene-4,4'-dione
all-trans,beta-
carotene-4,4'-dione
b,b-
carotene-4,4'-dione
carotene-4,4'-dione, b-
chlorellaxanthin
ci 40850
CI food orange 8
4,4'-
diketo-b-carotene
roxanthin red 10
PubMed:
Canthaxanthin biosynthesis by Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1: effects of inoculation and aeration rate.
PubMed:
Stabilization of canthaxanthin produced by Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1 with spray drying microencapsulation.
PubMed:
Co-solvent selection for supercritical fluid extraction of astaxanthin and other carotenoids from Penaeus monodon waste.
PubMed:
Inclusion of Palmaria palmata (red seaweed) in Atlantic salmon diets: effects on the quality, shelf-life parameters and sensory properties of fresh and cooked salmon fillets.
PubMed:
Liposome as a delivery system for carotenoids: comparative antioxidant activity of carotenoids as measured by ferric reducing antioxidant power, DPPH assay and lipid peroxidation.
PubMed:
Liposomes as delivery systems for carotenoids: comparative studies of loading ability, storage stability and in vitro release.
PubMed:
Biotechnological production of carotenoids by yeasts: an overview.
PubMed:
Electron transfer from plant phenolates to carotenoid radical cations. Antioxidant interaction entering the Marcus theory inverted region.
PubMed:
Feeding strategies for the improved biosynthesis of canthaxanthin from enzymatic hydrolyzed molasses in the fed-batch fermentation of Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1.
PubMed:
Characterizing the natural canthaxanthin/2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex.
PubMed:
Canthaxanthin retinopathy with visual loss: a case report and review.
PubMed:
Carotenoid and fatty acid compositions of an indigenous Ettlia texensis isolate (Chlorophyceae) under phototrophic and mixotrophic conditions.
PubMed:
Astaxanthin and canthaxanthin (xanthophyll) as supplements in rainbow trout diet: in vivo assessment of residual levels and contributions to human health.
PubMed:
Determination of egg yolk xanthophylls by isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography.
PubMed:
Ultrasound-assisted formation of the canthaxanthin emulsions stabilized by arabic and xanthan gums.
PubMed:
Inhibitory effects of astaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, canthaxanthin, lutein, and zeaxanthin on cytochrome P450 enzyme activities.
PubMed:
Pigment production by a new thermotolerant microalga Coelastrella sp. F50.
PubMed:
Psyllium husk gum: an attractive carbohydrate biopolymer for the production of stable canthaxanthin emulsions.
PubMed:
Canthaxanthin production with modified Mucor circinelloides strains.
PubMed:
Effect of domestic cooking methods on egg yolk xanthophylls.
PubMed:
Determination of supplemental feeding needs for astaxanthin and canthaxanthin in salmonids by supramolecular solvent-based microextraction and liquid chromatography-UV/VIS spectroscopy.
PubMed:
Developing an emulsion model system containing canthaxanthin biosynthesized by Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1.
PubMed:
Analysis of canthaxanthin production by Gordonia jacobaea.
PubMed:
Isolation, characterization, and diversity of novel radiotolerant carotenoid-producing bacteria.
PubMed:
Determination of carotenoids in Taraxacum formosanum by HPLC-DAD-APCI-MS and preparation by column chromatography.
PubMed:
[Determination of canthaxanthin and astaxanthin in egg yolks by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection].
PubMed:
Extraction and analysis of carotenoids from the New Zealand sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus gonads.
PubMed:
Exceptional molecular organization of canthaxanthin in lipid membranes.
PubMed:
Synthesis of highly 13C enriched carotenoids: access to carotenoids enriched with 13C at any position and combination of positions.
PubMed:
A short-term toxicity study of Aspergillus carbonarius carotenoid.
PubMed:
Antioxidant and lipid peroxidation activities in rats fed with Aspergillus carbonarius carotenoid.
PubMed:
[Effectiveness analysis established in Russia and hygienic standards for the use of food dyes].
PubMed:
Carotenogenesis up-regulation in Scenedesmus sp. using a targeted metabolomics approach by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry.
PubMed:
Impact of dietary carotenoid and packaging during frozen storage on the quality of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed carotenoids.
PubMed:
Comparison of tetrahydrofuran, fetal calf serum, and Tween 40 for the delivery of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin to HepG2 cells.
PubMed:
Purified canola lutein selectively inhibits specific isoforms of mammalian DNA polymerases and reduces inflammatory response.
PubMed:
Relationships between dietary carotenoids, body tissue carotenoids, parasite burden, and health state in wild mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings.
PubMed:
Extraction, purification and concentration of partially saturated canthaxanthin from Aspergillus carbonarius.
PubMed:
Use of response surface methodology in a fed-batch process for optimization of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates to achieve high levels of canthaxanthin from Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1.
PubMed:
Evaluation of certain food additives.
PubMed:
Influence of pasteurization, spray- and freeze-drying, and storage on the carotenoid content in egg yolk.
PubMed:
Determination of para red, Sudan dyes, canthaxanthin, and astaxanthin in animal feeds using UPLC.
PubMed:
Antioxidative and anti-inflammatory neuroprotective effects of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin in nerve growth factor differentiated PC12 cells.
PubMed:
Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for astaxanthin production and oxidative stress tolerance.
PubMed:
Contents of vitamin C, carotenoids, tocopherols, and tocotrienols in the subtropical plant species Cyphostemma digitatum as affected by processing.
PubMed:
Does feed composition affect oxidation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during frozen storage?
PubMed:
Impact of different dietary phospholipid levels on cholesterol and canthaxanthin lipoprotein-serum transport and muscle deposition in rainbow trout.
PubMed:
Interactions between canthaxanthin and lipid membranes--possible mechanisms of canthaxanthin toxicity.
PubMed:
Metabolic engineering of ketocarotenoid biosynthesis in higher plants.
PubMed:
[Simultaneous determination of canthaxanthin and astaxanthin in feedstuffs using solid phase extraction-reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography].
PubMed:
Partially saturated canthaxanthin purified from Aspergillus carbonarius induces apoptosis in prostrate cancer cell line.
PubMed:
Carbon and hydrogen stable isotope ratios of carotenoids and beta-carotene-based dietary supplements.
PubMed:
Effect of culture conditions on canthaxanthin production by Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1.
PubMed:
The protective role of carotenoids against 7-keto-cholesterol formation in solution.
PubMed:
Effect of soybean phospholipids on canthaxanthin lipoproteins transport, digestibility, and deposition in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) muscle.
PubMed:
Metabolic engineering of novel ketocarotenoid production in carrot plants.
PubMed:
Optimization of canthaxanthin production by Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1 using response surface methodology.
PubMed:
Critical assessment of various techniques for the extraction of carotenoids and co-enzyme Q10 from the Thraustochytrid strain ONC-T18.
PubMed:
Astaxanthin binding protein in Atlantic salmon.
PubMed:
Xanthophylls in commercial egg yolks: quantification and identification by HPLC and LC-(APCI)MS using a C30 phase.
PubMed:
Lipids of Haloferax alexandrinus strain TM(T): an extremely halophilic canthaxanthin-producing archaeon.
PubMed:
Microbial xanthophylls.
PubMed:
Influence of culture conditions of Gordonia jacobaea MV-26 on canthaxanthin production.
PubMed:
[Simultaneous determination of five carotenoids in tomato by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography].
PubMed:
Skin pigmentation evaluation in broilers fed natural and synthetic pigments.
PubMed:
Use of Tween 40 and Tween 80 to deliver a mixture of phytochemicals to human colonic adenocarcinoma cell (CaCo-2) monolayers.
PubMed:
Rapid quantification of carotenoids and fat in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) by Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics.
PubMed:
Suppressive effect of carotenoids on the luminol dependent chemiluminescence of the stimulated rat macrophages.
PubMed:
Serum carotenoids and mortality from lung cancer: a case-control study nested in the Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) study.
PubMed:
Induction of liver monooxygenases by annatto and bixin in female rats.
PubMed:
Haloferax alexandrinus sp. nov., an extremely halophilic canthaxanthin-producing archaeon from a solar saltern in Alexandria (Egypt).
PubMed:
Production of canthaxanthin by Haloferax alexandrinus under non-aseptic conditions and a simple, rapid method for its extraction.
PubMed:
Scavenging of benzylperoxyl radicals by carotenoids.
PubMed:
Rapid electrochemical method for the evaluation of the antioxidant power of some lipophilic food extracts.
PubMed:
Analysis of canthaxanthin and related pigments from Gordonia jacobaea mutants.
PubMed:
Lipid oxidation in fresh and spray-dried eggs enriched with omega3 and omega6 polyunsaturated fatty acids during storage as affected by dietary vitamin E and canthaxanthin supplementation.
PubMed:
Serum Carotenoid Concentration Changes during Sexual Maturation in Farmed Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
PubMed:
Flesh Lipid and Carotenoid Composition of Scottish Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar).
PubMed:
Kinetics and mechanism of the primary steps of degradation of carotenoids by acid in homogeneous solution.
PubMed:
Effect of dried tomato pulp on the performance and egg traits of laying hens.
PubMed:
Nickel peroxide induced oxidation of canthaxanthin.
PubMed:
Some dietary fibers reduce the absorption of carotenoids in women.
PubMed:
Hydrolysis kinetics of astaxanthin esters and stability of astaxanthin of Haematococcus pluvialis during saponification.
PubMed:
Isolation and identification of a major urinary canthaxanthin metabolite in rats.
PubMed:
Safety assessment and potential health benefits of food components based on selected scientific criteria. ILSI North America Technical Committee on Food Components for Health Promotion.
PubMed:
Carotenoid interactions.
PubMed:
Silver-plated vitamins: a method of detecting tocopherols and carotenoids in LC/ESI-MS coupling.
PubMed:
Effect of carotenoids on the respiratory burst of rat peritoneal macrophages.
PubMed:
Comparative mechanisms and rates of free radical scavenging by carotenoid antioxidants.
PubMed:
Relative stability of carotenoid radical cations and homologue tocopheroxyl radicals. A real time kinetic study of antioxidant hierarchy.
PubMed:
Interactions in the postprandial appearance of beta-carotene and canthaxanthin in plasma triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins in humans.
PubMed:
Vitamin A and carotenoids stimulate differentiation of mouse osteoblastic cells.
PubMed:
Occurrence of birefringent retinal inclusions in cynomolgus monkeys after high doses of canthaxanthin.
PubMed:
Possible immunomodulating activities of carotenoids in in vitro cell culture experiments.
PubMed:
Canthaxanthine retinopathy.
PubMed:
Suppressive effects of retinoids, carotenoids and antioxidant vitamins on heterocyclic amine-induced umu C gene expression in Salmonella typhimurium (TA 1535/pSK 1002).
PubMed:
Supplementing ferrets with canthaxanthin affects the tissue distributions of canthaxanthin, other carotenoids, vitamin A and vitamin E.
PubMed:
Comparative absorption and transport of five common carotenoids in preruminant calves.
PubMed:
Neonatal immune response and growth performance of chicks hatched from single comb White Leghorn breeders fed diets supplemented with beta-carotene, canthaxanthin, or lutein.
PubMed:
Detection of bixin, lycopene, canthaxanthin, and beta-apo-8'-carotenal in products derived from red pepper.
PubMed:
Vitamin E, selenium, trolox C, ascorbic acid palmitate, acetylcysteine, coenzyme Q, beta-carotene, canthaxanthin, and (+)-catechin protect against oxidative damage to kidney, heart, lung and spleen.
PubMed:
Vitamin A status and metabolism of cutaneous polyamines in the hairless mouse after UV irradiation: action of beta-carotene and astaxanthin.
PubMed:
Effects of beta-carotene and canthaxanthin on liver xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in the rat.
PubMed:
Protection by vitamin E selenium, trolox C, ascorbic acid palmitate, acetylcysteine, coenzyme Q, beta-carotene, canthaxanthin, and (+)-catechin against oxidative damage to liver slices measured by oxidized heme proteins.
PubMed:
Transport of newly-absorbed beta-carotene by the preruminant calf.
PubMed:
Idiopathic canthaxanthine retinopathy.
PubMed:
Interactions of oral beta-carotene and canthaxanthin in ferrets.
PubMed:
Clinical review of canthaxanthin ('tanning pills').
PubMed:
Carotenoid scavenging of radicals. Effect of carotenoid structure and oxygen partial pressure on antioxidative activity.
PubMed:
Dietary carotenoids influenced biochemical but not morphological changes in adult male rats fed a choline-deficient diet.
PubMed:
Anticarcinogenic effect of common carotenoids.
PubMed:
Dietary supplementation with xanthophyll as an effective way of identifying low-producing broiler breeder hens.
PubMed:
Antioxidant activity of xanthophylls on peroxyl radical-mediated phospholipid peroxidation.
PubMed:
The role of multigeneration studies in safety assessment of residues of veterinary drugs and additives.
PubMed:
Canthaxanthin and excess vitamin A alter alpha-tocopherol, carotenoid and iron status in adult rats.
PubMed:
Effects of the consumption of cigarettes, alcohol and foods on serum concentrations of carotenoids, retinol and tocopherols in healthy inhabitants living in a rural area of Hokkaido.
PubMed:
Photobleaching of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin. Quantum-yields dependence of solvent, temperature, and wavelength of irradiation in relation to packaging and storage of carotenoid pigmented salmonoids.
PubMed:
Effects of palm carotenoids in rat hepatic cytochrome P450-mediated benzo(a)pyrene metabolism.
PubMed:
Safety evaluation of substances consumed as technical ingredients (food additives).
PubMed:
Reversibility of canthaxanthin deposits within the retina.
PubMed:
Aplastic anemia associated with canthaxanthin ingested for 'tanning' purposes.
PubMed:
Antioxidant activity of beta-carotene-related carotenoids in solution.
PubMed:
[Canthaxanthin retinopathy without intake of canthaxanthin].
PubMed:
Canthaxanthin.
PubMed:
Availability of canthaxanthin in the United States.
PubMed:
Carotenoids as food colorants.
PubMed:
[Influence of some nutritional factors on the canthaxanthine pigmentation of the rainbow trout].
PubMed:
Determination of canthaxanthin in concentrates and feeds.