arctigenin

(3R,4R)-4-[(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]dihydro-3-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-2(3H)-furanone

CAS: 7770-78-7 C21 H24 O6 MW: 372.41748000

Identification

Namearctigenin
IUPAC(3R,4R)-4-[(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-3-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]oxolan-2-one
CAS Number7770-78-7
FDA UNIIU76MR9VS6M
Molecular FormulaC21 H24 O6
Molecular Weight372.41748000
MDL NumberMFCD00870597
Nikkaji NumberJ16.086E

Regulatory

Physical Properties

Assay 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed No
Boiling Point 567.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg (est)
Flash Point 390.00 °F. TCC ( 198.80 °C. ) (est)
logP (o/w) 2.470 (est)
Soluble in water, 23.08 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)

Cosmetic Information

CosIngcosmetic data
Cosmetic Usesantioxidants

No sensory data available

Safety Information

Preferred SDSView
Oral/Parenteral ToxicityNot determined
Dermal ToxicityNot determined
Inhalation ToxicityNot determined

GHS Classification

['GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)', 'GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements']

Safety in Use

Categoryantioxidants
Recommendation for arctigenin usage levels up tonot for fragrance use.
Recommendation for arctigenin flavor usage levels up tonot for flavor use.

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Potential Uses

None Found

Natural Occurrence

burdock burdock fruit burdock seed cardoon forsythia viridissima ipomoea cairica thistle holy thistle wikstroemia indica

Synonyms

arctigenen dibenzylbutyrolactone lignanolide (3R,4R)-4-(3,4- dimethoxy-benzyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzyl)-dihydro-furan-2-one (3R,4R)-4-(3,4- dimethoxybenzyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)-dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (3R,4R)-4-(3,4- dimethoxybenzyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one (3R,4R)-4-((3,4- dimethoxyphenyl)methyl)dihydro-3-((4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl)-2(3H)-furanone (3R,4R)-4-[(3,4- dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-3-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]oxolan-2-one 4-[(3,4- dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]dihydro-3-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-(3R-trans)-2(3H)-Furanone 4-[(3,4- dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]dihydro-3-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-(3R,4R)-2(3H)-Furanone (3R,4R)-4-[(3,4- dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]dihydro-3-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-2(3H)-furanone 2(3H)- furanone, 4-((3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl)dihydro-3-((4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl)-, (3R,4R)- 2(3H)- furanone, 4-[(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]dihydro-3-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-, (3R,4R)- PubMed: Arctigenin exerts anti-colitis efficacy through inhibiting the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 cells via an mTORC1-dependent pathway. PubMed: Arctigenin antagonizes mineralocorticoid receptor to inhibit the transcription of Na/K-ATPase. PubMed: Arctigenin Suppress Th17 Cells and Ameliorates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Through AMPK and PPAR-γ/ROR-γt Signaling. PubMed: Comparative pharmacokinetics of arctigenin in normal and type 2 diabetic rats after oral and intravenous administration. PubMed: Arctigenin Protects against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Pulmonary Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in a Mouse Model via Suppression of MAPK, HO-1, and iNOS Signaling. PubMed: Arctigenin but not arctiin acts as the major effective constituent of Arctium lappa L. fruit for attenuating colonic inflammatory response induced by dextran sulfate sodium in mice. PubMed: [Protective effect of arctigenin in GK rats combined with hypertension macroangiopathy]. PubMed: The effects of arctigenin on human rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes. PubMed: Arctigenin, a Natural Lignan Compound, Induces Apoptotic Death of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells via Suppression of PI3-K/Akt Signaling. PubMed: PDK1/Akt/PDE4D axis identified as a target for asthma remedy synergistic with β2 AR agonists by a natural agent arctigenin. PubMed: Arctigenin promotes apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells via the iNOS/NO/STAT3/survivin signalling. PubMed: Arctigenin Increases Hemeoxygenase-1 Gene Expression by Modulating PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway in Rat Primary Astrocytes. PubMed: Arctigenin enhances swimming endurance of sedentary rats partially by regulation of antioxidant pathways. PubMed: Cytotoxicity of arctigenin and matairesinol against the T-cell lymphoma cell line CCRF-CEM. PubMed: Design and synthesis of novel arctigenin analogues for the amelioration of metabolic disorders. PubMed: Arctigenin enhances chemosensitivity to cisplatin in human nonsmall lung cancer H460 cells through downregulation of survivin expression. PubMed: Arctigenin inhibits osteoclast differentiation and function by suppressing both calcineurin-dependent and osteoblastic cell-dependent NFATc1 pathways. PubMed: The inhibition of activated hepatic stellate cells proliferation by arctigenin through G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest: persistent p27(Kip1) induction by interfering with PI3K/Akt/FOXO3a signaling pathway. PubMed: Isolation and purification of arctigenin from Fructus Arctii by enzymatic hydrolysis combined with high-speed counter-current chromatography. PubMed: Arctigenin, a Potent Ingredient of Arctium lappa L., Induces Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase and Attenuates Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-Induced Vasospasm through PI3K/Akt Pathway in a Rat Model. PubMed: [Suppression of VEGF protein expression by arctigenin in oral squamous cell carcinoma]. PubMed: Arctigenin exhibits relaxation effect on bronchus by affecting transmembrane flow of calcium. PubMed: Inhibition of angiogenesis: a novel antitumor mechanism of the herbal compound arctigenin. PubMed: Development of an LC/MS/MS method in order to determine arctigenin in rat plasma: its application to a pharmacokinetic study. PubMed: Arctigenin promotes cholesterol efflux from THP-1 macrophages through PPAR-γ/LXR-α signaling pathway. PubMed: Extensive intestinal first-pass metabolism of arctigenin: evidenced by simultaneous monitoring of both parent drug and its major metabolites. PubMed: Protective effect of arctigenin against MPP+ and MPTP-induced neurotoxicity. PubMed: Synthesis and biological evaluation of arctigenin ester and ether derivatives as activators of AMPK. PubMed: Arctigenin in combination with quercetin synergistically enhances the antiproliferative effect in prostate cancer cells. PubMed: Arctigenin ameliorates inflammation in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT pathway and polarizing M1 macrophages to M2-like macrophages. PubMed: Hydrolysis is the dominating in vivo metabolism pathway for arctigenin: identification of novel metabolites of arctigenin by LC/MS/MS after oral administration in rats. PubMed: Identification and characterization of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases responsible for the in-vitro glucuronidation of arctigenin. PubMed: Antiausterity activity of arctigenin enantiomers: importance of (2R,3R)-absolute configuration. PubMed: Arctigenin, a potential anti-arrhythmic agent, inhibits aconitine-induced arrhythmia by regulating multi-ion channels. PubMed: Elucidation of arctigenin pharmacokinetics after intravenous and oral administrations in rats: integration of in vitro and in vivo findings via semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic modeling. PubMed: Arctigenin from Fructus Arctii (Seed of Burdock) Reinforces Intestinal Barrier Function in Caco-2 Cell Monolayers. PubMed: Mechanism of arctigenin-mediated specific cytotoxicity against human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. PubMed: Arctigenin promotes degradation of inducible nitric oxide synthase through CHIP-associated proteasome pathway and suppresses its enzyme activity. PubMed: [Determination of plasma protein binding rate of arctiin and arctigenin with ultrafiltration]. PubMed: Arctigenin, a dietary phytoestrogen, induces apoptosis of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells through the ROS/p38 MAPK pathway and epigenetic regulation. PubMed: Arctigenin anti-tumor activity in bladder cancer T24 cell line through induction of cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. PubMed: (-) Arctigenin and (+) pinoresinol are antagonists of the human thyroid hormone receptor β. PubMed: Integrated in silico and experimental methods revealed that Arctigenin inhibited angiogenesis and HCT116 cell migration and invasion through regulating the H1F4A and Wnt/β-catenin pathway. PubMed: Arctigenin effectively ameliorates memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease model mice targeting both β-amyloid production and clearance. PubMed: Increased chemopreventive effect by combining arctigenin, green tea polyphenol and curcumin in prostate and breast cancer cells. PubMed: Arctigenin preferentially induces tumor cell death under glucose deprivation by inhibiting cellular energy metabolism. PubMed: Arctigenin suppresses receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclast differentiation in bone marrow-derived macrophages. PubMed: Arctigenin, a natural compound, activates AMP-activated protein kinase via inhibition of mitochondria complex I and ameliorates metabolic disorders in ob/ob mice. PubMed: Synthesis and antitumor evaluation of arctigenin derivatives based on antiausterity strategy. PubMed: Study on human intestinal bacterium Blautia sp. AUH-JLD56 for the conversion of arctigenin to (-)-3'-desmethylarctigenin. PubMed: Pharmacokinetic study of arctigenin in rat plasma and organ tissue by RP-HPLC method. PubMed: Arctigenin attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in rats. PubMed: Inhibitory Effect of Arctigenin from Fructus Arctii Extract on Melanin Synthesis via Repression of Tyrosinase Expression. PubMed: Mechanism of Arctigenin-Induced Specific Cytotoxicity against Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines: Hep G2 and SMMC7721. PubMed: Arctigenin protects focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion rats through inhibiting neuroinflammation. PubMed: Arctigenin suppresses transforming growth factor-β1-induced expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and the subsequent epithelial-mesenchymal transition through reactive oxygen species-dependent ERK/NF-κB signaling pathway in renal tubular epithelial cells. PubMed: Ligand binding affinities of arctigenin and its demethylated metabolites to estrogen receptor alpha. PubMed: Arctigenin induces cell cycle arrest by blocking the phosphorylation of Rb via the modulation of cell cycle regulatory proteins in human gastric cancer cells. PubMed: Arctigenin enhances chemosensitivity of cancer cells to cisplatin through inhibition of the STAT3 signaling pathway. PubMed: Tumor specific cytotoxicity of arctigenin isolated from herbal plant Arctium lappa L. PubMed: Neuroprotective effect of arctigenin via upregulation of P-CREB in mouse primary neurons and human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. PubMed: [Research on the preparative method of Arctigenin]. PubMed: (-)-Arctigenin as a lead compound for anticancer agent. PubMed: Inhibitory effect of arctigenin on lymphocyte activation stimulated with PMA/ionomycin. PubMed: Arctigenin inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced iNOS expression in RAW264.7 cells through suppressing JAK-STAT signal pathway. PubMed: Arctigenin isolated from the seeds of Arctium lappa ameliorates memory deficits in mice. PubMed: Cell and nuclear enlargement of SW480 cells induced by a plant lignan, arctigenin: evaluation of cellular DNA content using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. PubMed: Integrated compound profiling screens identify the mitochondrial electron transport chain as the molecular target of the natural products manassantin, sesquicillin, and arctigenin. PubMed: Interaction of Carthamus tinctorius lignan arctigenin with the binding site of tryptophan-degrading enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. PubMed: Arctigenin suppresses unfolded protein response and sensitizes glucose deprivation-mediated cytotoxicity of cancer cells. PubMed: Arctigenin alleviates ER stress via activating AMPK. PubMed: Synthesis of (-)-arctigenin derivatives and their anticancer activity. PubMed: Arctigenin efficiently enhanced sedentary mice treadmill endurance. PubMed: Arctigenin, a phenylpropanoid dibenzylbutyrolactone lignan, inhibits type I-IV allergic inflammation and pro-inflammatory enzymes. PubMed: Synthesis and cytotoxicity evaluation of 4-amino-4-dehydroxylarctigenin derivatives in glucose-starved A549 tumor cells. PubMed: Arctigenin from Arctium lappa inhibits interleukin-2 and interferon gene expression in primary human T lymphocytes. PubMed: Arctigenin blocks the unfolded protein response and shows therapeutic antitumor activity. PubMed: In vitro anti-inflammatory effects of arctigenin, a lignan from Arctium lappa L., through inhibition on iNOS pathway. PubMed: Therapeutic effect of arctiin and arctigenin in immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice infected with influenza A virus. PubMed: Novel strategy for treatment of Japanese encephalitis using arctigenin, a plant lignan. PubMed: Arctigenin, a phenylpropanoid dibenzylbutyrolactone lignan, inhibits MAP kinases and AP-1 activation via potent MKK inhibition: the role in TNF-alpha inhibition. PubMed: pH and temperature dual-sensitive liposome gel based on novel cleavable mPEG-Hz-CHEMS polymeric vaginal delivery system. PubMed: Arctigenin protects cultured cortical neurons from glutamate-induced neurodegeneration by binding to kainate receptor. PubMed: Mass fragmentation study of the trimethylsilyl derivatives of arctiin, matairesinoside, arctigenin, phylligenin, matairesinol, pinoresinol and methylarctigenin: their gas and liquid chromatographic analysis in plant extracts. PubMed: New expectations from the well-known medicinal properties of Arctium lappa. PubMed: Anti-inflammatory activity of arctigenin from Forsythiae Fructus. PubMed: Microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography for the separation of arctiin and arctigenin in Fructus Arctii and its herbal preparations. PubMed: Immunomodulatory effect of arctigenin, a lignan compound, on tumour necrosis factor-alpha and nitric oxide production, and lymphocyte proliferation. PubMed: [Effect of anti-influenza virus of Arctigenin in vivo]. PubMed: Arctigenin from Fructus Arctii is a novel suppressor of heat shock response in mammalian cells. PubMed: Identification of arctigenin as an antitumor agent having the ability to eliminate the tolerance of cancer cells to nutrient starvation. PubMed: Determination of arctiin and arctigenin in Fructus Arctii by reverse-phase HPLC. PubMed: Isolation and characterization of a human intestinal bacterium, Eubacterium sp. ARC-2, capable of demethylating arctigenin, in the essential metabolic process to enterolactone. PubMed: A preparative isolation and purification of arctigenin and matairesinol from Forsythia koreana by centrifugal partition chromatography. PubMed: Isolation and identification of arctiin and arctigenin in leaves of burdock (Arctium lappa L.) by polyamide column chromatography in combination with HPLC-ESI/MS. PubMed: Biotransformation of the naturally occurring lignan (-)-arctigenin in mammalian cell lines genetically engineered for expression of single cytochrome P450 isoforms. PubMed: Lignans from Carthamus tinctorius suppress tryptophan breakdown via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase. PubMed: Lignans inhibit cell growth via regulation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling. PubMed: [Induction of apoptosis of the human leukemia cells by arctigenin and its mechanism of action]. PubMed: Free-radical-mediated conjugate additions. Enantioselective synthesis of butyrolactone natural products: (-)-enterolactone, (-)-arctigenin, (-)-isoarctigenin, (-)-nephrosteranic acid, and (-)-roccellaric acid. PubMed: (-)-Arctigenin as a lead structure for inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 integrase. PubMed: Natural lignans from Arctium lappa modulate P-glycoprotein efflux function in multidrug resistant cancer cells. PubMed: Radical carboxyarylation approach to lignans. Total synthesis of (-)-arctigenin, (-)-matairesinol, and related natural products. PubMed: Antioxidants: potential antiviral agents for Japanese encephalitis virus infection. PubMed: Anti-austeritic Constituents of the Congolese Medicinal Plant Aframomum melegueta. PubMed: Three new lignans from the seeds of Saussurea involucrata. PubMed: Optimum yields of dibenzylbutyrolactone-type lignans from Cynareae fruits, during their ripening, germination and enzymatic hydrolysis processes, determined by on-line chromatographic methods. PubMed: Plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of arctiin and its main metabolite in rats by HPLC-UV and LC-MS. PubMed: Phytochemical profile and apoptotic activity of Onopordum cynarocephalum. PubMed: Tumour-growth inhibiting substances of plant origin. II. The experimental animal tumour-pharmacology of arctigenin-mustard. PubMed: Chemical analysis of raw and processed Fructus arctii by high-performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. PubMed: Arctigenin: a lignan from Arctium lappa. PubMed: Active components with inhibitory activities on IFN-γ/STAT1 and IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathways from Caulis Trachelospermi. PubMed: Update on phase I studies in advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Hunting in darkness? PubMed: Repositioning of Verrucosidin, a purported inhibitor of chaperone protein GRP78, as an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I. PubMed: Simultaneous determination of arctiin and its metabolites in rat urine and feces by HPLC. PubMed: Steroidal esters from Ferula sinkiangensis. PubMed: Searching for synergistic bronchodilators and novel therapeutic regimens for chronic lung diseases from a traditional Chinese medicine, Qingfei Xiaoyan Wan. PubMed: Natural lignans from Arctium lappa as antiaging agents in Caenorhabditis elegans. PubMed: Ultra high performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry coupled with hierarchical cluster analysis to evaluate Wikstroemia indica (L.) C. A. Mey. from different geographical regions. PubMed: Specific hydrolysis and accumulation of antiproliferative lignans in the fruit of Leuzea carthamoides (Willd.) DC. PubMed: Optimization of the processing technology of Fructus Arctii by response surface methodology. PubMed: Arctigenic acid, the key substance responsible for the hypoglycemic activity of Fructus Arctii. PubMed: Pharmacokinetics screening for multi-components absorbed in the rat plasma after oral administration of traditional Chinese medicine Flos Lonicerae Japonicae-Fructus Forsythiae herb couple by sequential negative and positive ionization ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometric detection. PubMed: Cytotoxic components of bardanae fructus (goboshi). PubMed: Complementary fragmentation pattern analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry confirmed the precious lignan content of Cirsium weeds. PubMed: Seasonal alteration in amounts of lignans and their glucosides and gene expression of the relevant biosynthetic enzymes in the Forsythia suspense leaf. PubMed: Dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans from Forsythia koreana fruits attenuate lipopolysaccharide-induced inducible nitric oxide synthetase and cyclooxygenase-2 expressions through activation of nuclear factor-κb and mitogen-activated protein kinase in RAW264.7 cells. PubMed: Determination of the major constituents in fruit of Arctium lappa L. by matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction coupled with HPLC separation and fluorescence detection. PubMed: New guaian-type sesquiterpene from Wikstroemia indica. PubMed: Simultaneous determination of five bioactive secolignans in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS for pharmacokinetic studies following oral administration of Peperomia dindygulensis Miq. extract. PubMed: Bioassay-guided isolation and identification of active compounds from Fructus Arctii against Dactylogyrus intermedius (Monogenea) in goldfish (Carassius auratus). PubMed: Inhibitory effect of nordihydroguaiaretic acid, a plant lignan, on Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric carcinogenesis in Mongolian gerbils. PubMed: [Anti-inflammatory mechanism of qingfei xiaoyan wan studied with network pharmacology]. PubMed: Identification of adiponectin receptor agonist utilizing a fluorescence polarization based high throughput assay. PubMed: Anti-austeric activity of phenolic constituents of seeds of Arctium lappa. PubMed: Induction of caspase-8 and death receptors by a new dammarane skeleton from the dried fruits of Forsythia koreana. PubMed: Potent inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans through inhibition of I-kappaBalpha phosphorylation and of p65 nuclear translocation in macrophages. PubMed: Dual-bioactivity-based liquid chromatography-coupled quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for NF-κB inhibitors and β2AR agonists identification in Chinese Medicinal Preparation Qingfei Xiaoyan Wan. PubMed: The chemopreventive effects of Saussurea salicifolia through induction of apoptosis and phase II detoxification enzyme. PubMed: Ion-sparing diuresis by 2,3-dibenzylbutane-1,4-diol, a synthetic mammalian-lignan derivative. PubMed: [Trace chemical constituents contained in Trachelospermum jasminoides and structure identification]. PubMed: Antiasthmatic action of dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans from fruits of Forsythia viridissima on asthmatic responses to ovalbumin challenge in conscious guinea-pigs. PubMed: Novel PI3K/Akt inhibitors screened by the cytoprotective function of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat. PubMed: Metabolism of ginsenoside Rb1 by human intestinal microflora and cloning of its metabolizing β-D-glucosidase from Bifidobacterium longum H-1. PubMed: Bioactivity-guided isolation of antiproliferative compounds from Centaurea arenaria. PubMed: Differential in vitro anti-HIV activity of natural lignans. PubMed: Antioxidative and in vitro antiproliferative activity of Arctium lappa root extracts. PubMed: Biological activities of Fructus arctii fermented with the basidiomycete Grifola frondosa. PubMed: [A comparative research on quality of Vitmin C Yinqiao tablets from different manufacturers]. PubMed: [Dyuamical studies on metabolic chemistry of lignans from seeds of Arctium lappa]. PubMed: [Constituents of Gymnadenia conopsea]. PubMed: Evaluation of estrogen receptor Beta binding of pruni cortex and its constituents. PubMed: Application of gradient-enhanced nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy GOESY) in the structure elucidation of plant secondary metabolites. PubMed: Cytotoxic activity of Ipomoea cairica. PubMed: Lignan profile in seeds of modern and old Italian soft wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars as revealed by CE-MS analyses. PubMed: Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of butyrolactone lignans from Arctium lappa on leukemic cells. PubMed: Hepatoprotective dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans of Torreya nucifera against CCl4-induced toxicity in primary cultured rat hepatocytes. PubMed: In vitro metabolism of plant lignans: new precursors of mammalian lignans enterolactone and enterodiol. PubMed: Natural flavonoids and lignans are potent cytostatic agents against human leukemic HL-60 cells. PubMed: Preventive strategies for frequent outbreaks of Japanese encephalitis in Northern India. PubMed: Americanin, a bioactive dibenzylbutyrolactone lignan, from the seeds of Centaurea americana. PubMed: Naturally occurring lignans efficiently induce apoptosis in colorectal tumor cells. PubMed: Sesquiterpene lactones from Centaurea tweediei. PubMed: Savinin, a lignan from Pterocarpus santalinus inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha production and T cell proliferation. PubMed: Studies on differentiation inducers. VI. Lignan derivatives from Arctium fructus. (2). PubMed: [Chemical components of Trachelospelmun jasminoides (Lindl.) Lem. var. heterophyllum Tsiang]. PubMed: Structural transformation of lignan compounds in rat gastrointestinal tract. PubMed: Lignans and Other Constituents of Centaurea sphaerocephala ssp. polyacantha. PubMed: alpha-Glucosidase inhibitory pentacyclic triterpenes from the stem bark of Fagara tessmannii (Rutaceae). PubMed: Assessing exposure to lignans and their metabolites in humans. PubMed: Lignans from Saussurea conica and their NO production suppressing activity. PubMed: A phytochemical study of lignans in whole plants and cell suspension cultures of Anthriscus sylvestris. PubMed: Transformation of arctiin to estrogenic and antiestrogenic substances by human intestinal bacteria. PubMed: Stereochemical diversity in lignan biosynthesis of Arctium lappa L. PubMed: Neuroprotective dibenzylbutyrolactone lignans of Torreya nucifera. PubMed: Arctiin and onopordopicrin from Carduus micropterus ssp. perspinosus. PubMed: Anti-tumor-promoting activity of lignans from the aerial part of Saussurea medusa. PubMed: Plant-derived leading compounds for chemotherapy of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. PubMed: Constituents of the Egyptian Centaurea scoparia. III. Phenolic constituents of the aerial parts. PubMed: [Studies on the chemical constituents of Arctium lappa L]. PubMed: A Contribution to the Phytochemistry of Zanthoxylum tessmannii1.