squalene
2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaene
Identification
| Name | squalene |
| IUPAC | 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosa-2,6,10,14,18,22-hexaene |
| CAS Number | 7683-64-9 |
| FDA UNII | Search |
| Molecular Formula | C30 H50 |
| Molecular Weight | 410.72850000 |
| Nikkaji Number | J8.960E |
Regulatory
Physical Properties
| Appearance | colorless to pale yellow clear oily liquid (est) |
| Assay | 98.00 to 100.00 |
| Food Chemicals Codex Listed | No |
| Boiling Point | 429.00 to 430.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg |
| Flash Point | 309.00 °F. TCC ( 153.89 °C. ) |
| logP (o/w) | 12.188 (est) |
| Soluble in | alcohol |
| Insoluble in | water |
No sensory data available
Safety Information
| Oral/Parenteral Toxicity | Not determined |
| Dermal Toxicity | Not determined |
| Inhalation Toxicity | Not determined |
GHS Classification
['GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)', 'GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements']
Safety in Use
| Category | natural substances and extractives |
| Recommendation for squalene usage levels up to | not for fragrance use. |
| Recommendation for squalene flavor usage levels up to | not for flavor use. |
No supplier data available
Potential Uses
Natural Occurrence
Synonyms
2,6,10,15,19,23-
hexamethyl-2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaene
2,6,10,15,19,23-
hexamethyltetracosa-2,6,10,14,18,22-hexaene
skvalen
spinacene
supraene
PubMed:
Physicochemical properties, antioxidant activities and protective effect against acute ethanol-induced hepatic injury in mice of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) bran oil.
J-Stage:
Thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. 18W-13a Accummulates High Amounts of Squalene
PubMed:
Cholesterol metabolism and serum non-cholesterol sterols: summary of 13 plant stanol ester interventions.
PubMed:
The anti-aging effects of Ludwigia octovalvis on Drosophila melanogaster and SAMP8 mice.
PubMed:
Online LC-GC-based analysis of minor lipids in various tree nuts and peanuts.
PubMed:
Cloning and characterization of squalene synthase gene from Poria cocos and its up-regulation by methyl jasmonate.
PubMed:
A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of squalene-containing adjuvant in human vaccines.
PubMed:
Enhancement of skin radical scavenging activity and stratum corneum lipids after the application of a hyperforin-rich cream.
PubMed:
The impact of fruit maturation on bioactive microconstituents, inhibition of serum oxidation and inflammatory markers in stimulated PBMCs and sensory characteristics of Koroneiki virgin olive oils from Messenia, Greece.
PubMed:
Nutritional evaluation and health promoting activities of nuts and seeds cultivated in Greece.
PubMed:
Evaluation of γ-oryzanol content and composition from the grains of pigmented rice-germplasms by LC-DAD-ESI/MS.
PubMed:
Genotoxicity assessment of vaccine adjuvant squalene.
PubMed:
The revival of Amaranth as a third-millennium food.
PubMed:
A novel approach to enhancing ganoderic acid production by Ganoderma lucidum using apoptosis induction.
PubMed:
Formulated squalene for food related applications.
PubMed:
Effect of baking of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and frying of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicholus) in olive and sunflower oil on their quality.
PubMed:
Discrimination against diacylglycerol ethers in lipase-catalysed ethanolysis of shark liver oil.
PubMed:
Novel bio-active lipid nanocarriers for the stabilization and sustained release of sitosterol.
PubMed:
Lignans and triterpenes from the root of Pseuderanthemum carruthersii var. atropurpureum.
PubMed:
Analytical evaluation of two monovarietal virgin olive oils cultivated in the south of Tunisia: Jemri-Bouchouka and Chemlali-Tataouin cultivars.
PubMed:
Recovery of squalene from wine lees using ultrasound assisted extraction-a feasibility study.
PubMed:
Enhanced production of ganoderic acids and cytotoxicity of Ganoderma lucidum using solid-medium culture.
PubMed:
Efficacy of bioactive compounds from extra virgin olive oil to modulate atherosclerosis development.
PubMed:
Flavonoids with potent antioxidant activity found in young green barley leaves.
PubMed:
Squalene ameliorates atherosclerotic lesions through the reduction of CD36 scavenger receptor expression in macrophages.
PubMed:
Bioactive compounds and nutritional significance of virgin argan oil--an edible oil with potential as a functional food.
PubMed:
Valuable Nutrients and Functional Bioactives in Different Parts of Olive (Olea europaea L.)-A Review.
PubMed:
Investigation of unsaponifiable matter of plant oils and isolation of eight phytosterols by means of high-speed counter-current chromatography.
PubMed:
Lipid composition of wine strains of Saccharomyces kudriavzevii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae grown at low temperature.
PubMed:
Biological importance and applications of squalene and squalane.
PubMed:
Anti-inflammatory effects of polyphenolic-enriched red raspberry extract in an antigen-induced arthritis rat model.
PubMed:
The influence of bearing cycles on olive oil quality response to irrigation.
PubMed:
Ethnobotanical survey, chemical composition, and antioxidant capacity of methanolic extract of the root bark of Annona cuneata Oliv.
PubMed:
Enhanced squalene production by wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains using safe chemical means.
PubMed:
Modulation of doxorubicin-induced genotoxicity by squalene in Balb/c mice.
PubMed:
MF59 adjuvant enhances diversity and affinity of antibody-mediated immune response to pandemic influenza vaccines.
PubMed:
The effect of consecutive steps of refining on squalene content of vegetable oils.
PubMed:
Farnesyl pyrophosphate regulates adipocyte functions as an endogenous PPARγ agonist.
PubMed:
An unusual plant triterpene synthase with predominant α-amyrin-producing activity identified by characterizing oxidosqualene cyclases from Malus à domestica.
PubMed:
New hydrothermal treatment of alperujo enhances the content of bioactive minor components in crude pomace olive oil.
PubMed:
Influence of harvest method and period on olive oil composition: an NMR and statistical study.
PubMed:
Squalene as novel food factor.
PubMed:
On the effects of a plant extract of Orthosiphon stamineus on sebum-related skin imperfections.
PubMed:
gamma-Tocotrienol reduces squalene hydroperoxide-induced inflammatory responses in HaCaT keratinocytes.
PubMed:
Characterization of a potential nutraceutical ingredient: pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed oil unsaponifiable fraction.
PubMed:
Enhanced production of squalene in the thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium mangrovei by medium optimization and treatment with terbinafine.
PubMed:
Cytoprotective effects of DL-alpha-lipoic acid or squalene on cyclophosphamide-induced oxidative injury: an experimental study on rat myocardium, testicles and urinary bladder.
PubMed:
High throughput screening of mutants of oat that are defective in triterpene synthesis.
PubMed:
Observations on squalene accumulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae due to the manipulation of HMG2 and ERG6.
PubMed:
Optimization of nitrogen source for enhanced production of squalene from thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp.
PubMed:
Vaccines with MF59 adjuvant expand the antibody repertoire to target protective sites of pandemic avian H5N1 influenza virus.
PubMed:
Cloning and characterization of the lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase gene from Antrodia cinnamomea.
PubMed:
Analysis of sterol and other components present in unsaponifiable matters of mahua, sal and mango kernel oil.
PubMed:
13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic detection of the adulteration of extra virgin olive oils extracted from different cultivars with cold-pressed hazelnut oil.
PubMed:
Squalene protects against oxidative DNA damage in MCF10A human mammary epithelial cells but not in MCF7 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells.
PubMed:
Novel fractionation method for squalene and phytosterols contained in the deodorization distillate of rice bran oil.
PubMed:
[Culture of transgenic Glycyrrhiza uralensis hairy root with licorice squalene synthase (SQS) gene].
PubMed:
Terpene-mediated parasitoid host location behavior on transgenic and classically bred apple genotypes.
PubMed:
Synthesis and characterization of a structured lipid from amaranth oil as a partial fat substitute in milk-based infant formula.
PubMed:
Gingival vascular damage in atherosclerotic rabbits: hydroxytyrosol and squalene benefits.
PubMed:
Squalene versus ergosterol formation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae: combined effect of oxygen supply, inoculum size, and fermentation time on yield and selectivity of the bioprocess.
PubMed:
Improved separation and quantification of neutral and polar lipid classes by HPLC-ELSD using a monolithic silica phase: application to exceptional marine lipids.
PubMed:
Characterization and quantification of the aliphatic hydrocarbon fraction during linseed development ( Linum usitatissimum L.).
PubMed:
[The oil, fatty acid and squalene content of varieties of raw and processed amaranth grain].
PubMed:
Screening and characterization of squalene-producing thraustochytrids from Hong Kong mangroves.
PubMed:
Plant stanol ester spreads as components of a balanced diet for pregnant and breast-feeding women: evaluation of clinical safety.
PubMed:
Processing stability of squalene in amaranth and antioxidant potential of amaranth extract.
PubMed:
Chemical characterization and DNA tracking of Sardinian botargo by Mugil cephalus from different geographical origins.
PubMed:
Lipase catalyzed synthesis of neutral glycerides rich in micronutrients from rice bran oil fatty acid distillate.
PubMed:
Chemical composition of Greek avgotaracho prepared from mullet (Mugil cephalus): nutritional and health benefits.
PubMed:
Comparison of the skin sensitizing potential of unsaturated compounds as assessed by the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) and the guinea pig maximization test (GPMT).
PubMed:
Isolation and structural determination of squalene synthase inhibitor from Prunus mume fruit.
PubMed:
Supercritical carbon dioxide fractionation of nonesterified alkoxyglycerols obtained from shark liver oil.
PubMed:
[Changes in lipid metabolism in patients in the active phase of Crohn's disease].
PubMed:
How heating affects extra virgin olive oil quality indexes and chemical composition.
PubMed:
Synthesis and antifungal activity of a series of N-substituted [2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)]propylamines.
PubMed:
Molecular mechanisms of the effects of olive oil and other dietary lipids on cancer.
PubMed:
Ion-trap tandem mass spectrometric analysis of squalene monohydroperoxide isomers in sunlight-exposed human skin.
PubMed:
Exudation of allelopathic substances in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench).
PubMed:
Phytosterol, squalene, tocopherol content and fatty acid profile of selected seeds, grains, and legumes.
PubMed:
Cholesterol synthesis prevails over absorption in metabolic syndrome.
PubMed:
[Virgin olive oil. From legend to scientific knowledge of the nutraceutical aspects].
PubMed:
Importance of functional foods in the Mediterranean diet.
PubMed:
Antioxidant activities and volatile constituents of various essential oils.
PubMed:
Moderate increase in dietary sucrose does not influence fasting or postprandial serum lipids regardless of the presence of apolipoprotein E2 allele in healthy subjects.
PubMed:
Cardioprotective effect of squalene on lipid profile in isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats.
PubMed:
Fatty acid profile, tocopherol, squalene and phytosterol content of brazil, pecan, pine, pistachio and cashew nuts.
PubMed:
Protection against Western diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis in liver fatty acid-binding protein knockout mice.
PubMed:
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of new (2E,6E)-10-(dimethylamino)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-decadien-1-ol ethers as inhibitors of human and Trypanosoma cruzi oxidosqualene cyclase.
PubMed:
Analysis of unsaponifiable compounds of edible oils by automated on-line coupling reversed-phase liquid chromatography-gas chromatography using the through oven transfer adsorption desorption interface.
PubMed:
Distribution of Vitamin E, squalene, epicatechin, and rutin in common buckwheat plants (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench).
PubMed:
[Functional components in fish and algae oils].
PubMed:
Polyunsaturated fatty acids, phytosterols and cholesterol metabolism in the Mediterranean diet.
PubMed:
Components of olive oil and chemoprevention of colorectal cancer.
PubMed:
Effect of the difference in vehicles on gene expression in the rat liver--analysis of the control data in the Toxicogenomics Project Database.
PubMed:
Laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry of squalene in oil samples.
PubMed:
Race is on for flu vaccine.
PubMed:
New phenylenediamine antiozonants for commodities based on natural and synthetic rubber.
PubMed:
Variation of chemical composition of the lipophilic extracts from yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis) foliage.
PubMed:
Relation between the endogenous antioxidant system and the quality of extra virgin olive oil under accelerated storage conditions.
PubMed:
Comparison of the chemical composition and nutritional value of Amaranthus cruentus flour and its protein concentrate.
PubMed:
Analysis of minor components in olive oil.
PubMed:
A real-time polymerase chain reaction-based method for rapid and specific detection of spoilage Alicyclobacillus spp. in apple juice.
PubMed:
Countercurrent supercritical fluid extraction and fractionation of high-added-value compounds from a hexane extract of olive leaves.
PubMed:
Analysis of gene expression in the bovine corpus luteum through generation and characterisation of 960 ESTs.
PubMed:
Fatty acid profile, tocopherol, squalene and phytosterol content of walnuts, almonds, peanuts, hazelnuts and the macadamia nut.
PubMed:
Influence of agronomic variables on the composition of mate tea leaves (Ilex paraguariensis) extracts obtained from CO2 extraction at 30 degrees C and 175 bar.
PubMed:
Extraction and characterization of volatile compounds in Maytenus ilicifolia, using high-pressure CO2.
PubMed:
Fatty acid composition and squalene content of the marine microalga Schizochytrium mangrovei.
PubMed:
Squalene in oils and fats from domestic and commercial fryings of potatoes.
PubMed:
Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of oil and squalene from amaranthus grain.
PubMed:
Oil and squalene in amaranthus grain and leaf.
PubMed:
Antioxidant effect of phenolic compounds, alpha-tocopherol, and other minor components in virgin olive oil.
PubMed:
Phytonutrient deficiency: the place of palm fruit.
PubMed:
Triacylglycerol and fatty acid compositions of French virgin olive oils. Characterization by chemometrics.
PubMed:
Consumption of argan oil (Morocco) with its unique profile of fatty acids, tocopherols, squalene, sterols and phenolic compounds should confer valuable cancer chemopreventive effects.
PubMed:
Effect of squalene and shark liver oil on serum cholesterol level in hamsters.
PubMed:
3,4-Dihydroxymandelic acid, a noradrenalin metabolite with powerful antioxidative potential.
PubMed:
Rate of degradation of alpha-tocopherol, squalene, phenolics, and polyunsaturated fatty acids in olive oil during different storage conditions.
PubMed:
Squalene content and antioxidant activity of Terminalia catappa leaves and seeds.
PubMed:
Determination of esters of fatty acids with low molecular weight alcohols in olive oils.
PubMed:
Olive oil as a functional food: epidemiology and nutritional approaches.
PubMed:
Biological properties of olive oil phytochemicals.
PubMed:
Phytosterol content in American ginseng seed oil.
PubMed:
Stability of virgin olive oil. 2. Photo-oxidation studies.
PubMed:
Stability of virgin olive oil. 1. Autoxidation studies.
PubMed:
Extraction and purification of squalene from amaranthus grain.
PubMed:
Interpretation of Fourier transform Raman spectra of the unsaponifiable matter in a selection of edible oils.
PubMed:
Changes in lipids and sterols during composting.
PubMed:
Comparing palmolein with different predominantly monounsaturated oils: effect on plasma lipids.
PubMed:
An olive oil-rich diet results in higher concentrations of LDL cholesterol and a higher number of LDL subfraction particles than rapeseed oil and sunflower oil diets.
PubMed:
Phenolic compounds and squalene in olive oils: the concentration and antioxidant potential of total phenols, simple phenols, secoiridoids, lignansand squalene.
PubMed:
First report of the characterization of the threatened plant species Amaranthus pumilus (Seabeach amaranth).
PubMed:
Unsaponifiable lipid constituents of some underutilized tropical seed oils.
PubMed:
On the role of squalene in olive oil stability.
PubMed:
Increased carotenoid production by the food yeast Candida utilis through metabolic engineering of the isoprenoid pathway.
PubMed:
Inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis is not accompanied by a change in fatty acid composition in Saccharomyces cerevisiae treated with the antifungal agent 6-amino-2-n-pentylthiobenzothiazole.
PubMed:
Amaranth and its oil inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis in 6-week-old female chickens.
PubMed:
Inhibition of sterol 4-demethylation in Candida albicans by 6-amino-2-n-pentylthiobenzothiazole, a novel mechanism of action for an antifungal agent.
PubMed:
Simultaneous liquid chromatographic determination of cholesterol, phytosterols and tocopherols in foods.
PubMed:
Regulation of squalene synthetase activity in rat liver: elevation by cholestyramine, but no diurnal variation.
PubMed:
[Studies on therapeutic effect of 13-cis retinoic acid and squalene on symptoms of PCDFs poisoning in monkeys].
PubMed:
Biochemical controls of liver cholesterol biosynthesis.
PubMed:
The composition of a simulated American diet. Comparison of chemical analyses and estimates from food composition tables.
PubMed:
Measurement of squalene in human tissues and plasma: validation and application.
PubMed:
Quantitative changes in some unsaponifiable components of soya bean oil due to refining.
PubMed:
Model studies in terpene biosynthesis.
PubMed:
Hydrocarbons in digestive tract and liver of a basking shark.
PubMed:
VITAMIN A AND ISOPRENOID SYNTHESIS IN THE RAT.