fennel
Identification
| Name | fennel |
Regulatory
Physical Properties
| Food Chemicals Codex Listed | No |
No sensory data available
Safety Information
| Oral/Parenteral Toxicity | Not determined |
| Dermal Toxicity | Not determined |
| Inhalation Toxicity | Not determined |
GHS Classification
['GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)', 'GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements']
Safety in Use
| Category | food additive |
| Recommendation for fennel usage levels up to | not for fragrance use. |
| Recommendation for fennel flavor usage levels up to | not for flavor use. |
No supplier data available
Potential Uses
Natural Occurrence
Synonyms
fennel
PubMed:
Potential of spice-derived phytochemicals for cancer prevention.
PubMed:
Inhibitory effects of spice essential oils on the growth of Bacillus species.
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Character impact odorants of fennel fruits and fennel tea.
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Investigation on the phenolics of some spices having pharmacotherapeuthic properties.
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Detection and masking of spoiled food smells by odor maps in the olfactory bulb.
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[Fennel tea: risk assessment of the phytogenic monosubstance estragole in comparison to the natural multicomponent mixture].
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[Influence of spiced feed additives on taste of hen's eggs].
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Antimicrobial and P450 inhibitory properties of common functional foods.
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Preparation of sulfonated graphene/polypyrrole solid-phase microextraction coating by in situ electrochemical polymerization for analysis of trace terpenes.
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Thermooxidative stability of fennel oleoresin microencapsulated in blended biopolymer agents.
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The effects of selected hot and cold temperament herbs based on Iranian traditional medicine on some metabolic parameters in normal rats.
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Discrimination of fennel chemotypes applying IR and Raman spectroscopy: discovery of a new γ-asarone chemotype.
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The chemical composition of essential oils isolated from sweet fennel fruits available as herbal tea products.
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Properties of cassava starch-based edible coating containing essential oils.
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Chemical analysis of estragole in fennel based teas and associated safety assessment using the Margin of Exposure (MOE) approach.
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Mugwort-fennel-allergy-syndrome associated with sensitization to an allergen homologous to Api g 5.
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Aroma-impact compounds in dried spice as a quality index using solid phase microextraction with olfactometry and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography.
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Efficacy of plant essential oils on postharvest control of rots caused by fungi on different stone fruits in vivo.
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Effect of essential oil from fresh leaves of Ocimum gratissimum L. on mycoflora during storage of peanuts in Benin.
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Nitrites derived from Foneiculum vulgare (fennel) seeds promotes vascular functions.
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Fennel allergy is a lipid-transfer protein (LTP)-related food hypersensitivity associated with peach allergy.
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Antioxidant activity and protecting health effects of common medicinal plants.
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Contamination of vegetables, fruits and soil with geohelmints eggs on organic farms in Poland.
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Dietary spices protect against hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage and inhibit nicotine-induced cancer cell migration.
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Depolymerized carrageenan ameliorates growth, physiological attributes, essential oil yield and active constituents of Foeniculum vulgare Mill.
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Can estragole in fennel seed decoctions really be considered a danger for human health? A fennel safety update.
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Essential oils to control Botrytis cinerea in vitro and in vivo on plum fruits.
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Bovine milk usage and feeding practices for infants in India.
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Assessment of fennel aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and their predators in fennel intercropped with cotton with colored fibers.
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Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of aqueous infusions from Capparis spinosa L. and Crithmum maritimum L. before and after submission to a two-step in vitro digestion model.
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Functional foods with digestion-enhancing properties.
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Evaluation of essential oils for maintaining postharvest quality of Thompson seedless table grape.
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Essential oil composition and antiradical activity of the oil of Iraq plants.
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Antioxidant and anticarcinogenic effects of methanolic extract and volatile oil of fennel seeds (Foeniculum vulgare).
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Antioxidant activities of hot water extracts from various spices.
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Antimicrobial activity of plant essential oils against bacterial and fungal species involved in food poisoning and/or food decay.
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Quantification of estragole in fennel herbal teas: implications on the assessment of dietary exposure to estragole.
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Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food: downstream contamination in the food chain caused by honey and pollen.
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Biodegradable gelatin-chitosan films incorporated with essential oils as antimicrobial agents for fish preservation.
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[Diversity of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) using aromatic plants (Apiaceae) as survival and reproduction sites in agroecological system].
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Antidiabetic screening of commercial botanical products in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and db/db mice.
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Salmonella Senftenberg infections and fennel seed tea, Serbia.
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Development of a cost-effective method for nitrate and nitrite determination in leafy plants and nitrate and nitrite contents of some green leafy vegetables grown in the Aegean region of Turkey.
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Effects of extracts of spices on rumen methanogenesis, enzyme activities and fermentation of feeds in vitro.
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Antimicrobial activities of essential oil and hexane extract of Florence fennel [Foeniculum vulgare var. azoricum (Mill.) Thell.] against foodborne microorganisms.
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Effect of Carnitine and herbal mixture extract on obesity induced by high fat diet in rats.
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Immune defense of rats immunized with fennel honey, propolis, and bee venom against induced staphylococcal infection.
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Systematic evaluation of the antioxidant potential of different parts of Foeniculumvulgare Mill. from Portugal.
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Carvacrol, a component of thyme oil, activates PPARalpha and gamma and suppresses COX-2 expression.
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Antioxidant activity, phenolic content, and peroxide value of essential oil and extracts of some medicinal and aromatic plants used as condiments and herbal teas in Turkey.
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Chemomodulatory action of Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel) on skin and forestomach papillomagenesis, enzymes associated with xenobiotic metabolism and antioxidant status in murine model system.
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Efficacy of plant essential oils against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria associated with ready-to-eat vegetables: antimicrobial and sensory screening.
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Potential of spice-derived phytochemicals for cancer prevention.
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Antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of wild, edible, and medicinal fennel from different Mediterranean countries.
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Determination of the antioxidant capacity of culinary herbs subjected to various cooking and storage processes using the ABTS(*+) radical cation assay.
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Inhibition on human liver cytochrome P450 3A4 by constituents of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare): identification and characterization of a mechanism-based inactivator.
PubMed:
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of selected Iranian essential oils against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in nutrient broth medium.
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Fennel waste-based films suitable for protecting cultivations.
PubMed:
Detection of some safe plant-derived foods for LTP-allergic patients.
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Comparative essential oil composition and antifungal effect of bitter fennel (Foeniculum vulgare ssp. piperitum) fruit oils obtained during different vegetation.
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Effects of essential oils from fennel (Foeniculi aetheroleum) and caraway (Carvi aetheroleum) in pigs.
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Inhibitory effects of spice essential oils on the growth of Bacillus species.
PubMed:
Analytical discrimination of poisonous and nonpoisonous chemotypes of giant fennel (Ferula communis L.) through their biologically active and volatile fractions.
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Comparison of the volatile composition of wild fennel samples (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) from central Spain.
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Determination of phenolic compounds in fennel by HPLC and HPLC-MS using a monolithic reversed-phase column.
PubMed:
Character impact odorants of fennel fruits and fennel tea.
PubMed:
[The effects of inhalation of essential oils on the body weight, food efficiency rate and serum leptin of growing SD rats].
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Constituents of the essential oil of sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum L.) growing wild in Turkey.
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Molecular targets of dietary agents for prevention and therapy of cancer.
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A novel approach for calculating shelf life of minimally processed vegetables.
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Occupational asthma due to carrot in a cook.
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Molecular epidemiology of Salmonella enterica serovar Agona: characterization of a diffuse outbreak caused by aniseed-fennel-caraway infusion.
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The use of health foods, spices and other botanicals in the Sikh community in London.
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Effect of spice hydrosols on the growth of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 strain.
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Severe methemoglobinemia due to food intoxication in infants.
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Investigation on the phenolics of some spices having pharmacotherapeuthic properties.
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Polyacetylenes from the Apiaceae vegetables carrot, celery, fennel, parsley, and parsnip and their cytotoxic activities.
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Detection and masking of spoiled food smells by odor maps in the olfactory bulb.
PubMed:
Herbs as a food source in Turkey.
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Antioxidant activity of the aqueous extracts of spicy food additives--evaluation and comparison with ascorbic acid in in-vitro systems.
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Separation and characterization of phenolic compounds in fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) using liquid chromatography-negative electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry.
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Bioguided isolation and identification of the nonvolatile antioxidant compounds from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) waste.
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In vitro influence of spices and spice-active principles on digestive enzymes of rat pancreas and small intestine.
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Radical scavenging and iron-chelating activities of some greens used as traditional dishes in Mediterranean diet.
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Development of a toxic bait for control of eastern lubber grasshopper (Orthoptera: Acrididae).
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Glucuronidation of 1'-hydroxyestragole (1'-HE) by human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases UGT2B7 and UGT1A9.
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Comparison between the radical scavenging activity and antioxidant activity of six distilled and nondistilled mediterranean herbs and aromatic plants.
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2H/(1)H and (13)C/(12)C isotope ratios of trans-anethole using gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry.
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Food allergy and IgE sensitization caused by spices: CICBAA data (based on 589 cases of food allergy).
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Occupational rhinoconjunctivitis and food allergy because of aniseed sensitization.
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The survival of hepatitis A virus in fresh produce.
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Essential oil composition of sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum) form Turkey.
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Antimicrobial activity of essential oils from plants against selected pathogenic and saprophytic microorganisms.
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[Attention deficit and infantile hyperactivity].
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Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Foeniculum vulgare and Crithmum maritimum essential oils.
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Characterization of some Italian types of wild fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.).
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Identification by HPLC-DAD and HPLC-MS analyses and quantification of constituents of fennel teas and decoctions.
PubMed:
Fennel, cucumber, and melon allergy successfully treated with pollen-specific injection immunotherapy.
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The influence of a capacitor plant in Serpukhov on vegetable contamination by polychlorinated biphenyls.
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Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and fractionation of fennel oil.
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Influence of gamma-irradiation and microwaves on the antioxidant property of some essential oils.
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Characterization of allergens in Apiaceae spices: anise, fennel, coriander and cumin.
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Relevance of pollen-specific IgE levels to the development of Apiaceae hypersensitivity in patients with birch pollen allergy.
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Inhibition of the mutagenicity of 2-nitrofluorene, 3-nitrofluoranthene and 1-nitropyrene by vitamins, porphyrins and related compounds, and vegetable and fruit juices and solvent extracts.
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Labial food challenge in children with food allergy.
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Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enteriditis by combinations of plant oils and derivatives of benzoic acid: the development of synergistic antimicrobial combinations.
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Occupational allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma due to fennel seed.
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[Diagnosis of food allergy caused by fruit and vegetables in children with atopic dermatitis].
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Natural occurrence of mycotoxins in different spices in Egypt.
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In vitro effect of vegetable and fruit juices on the mutagenicity of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline, 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline and 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline.
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[The content of nitrates and nitrites in fruits, vegetables and other foodstuffs].
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[Plasma levels of psoralens after celery ingestion].
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[Neglected allergens].
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Spice allergy in celery-sensitive patients.
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[Pollinosis and oral allergy syndrome].
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[Gram-negative flora of horticultural produce destined for consumption mainly in the raw state].
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Microbiological survey of selected imported spices and associated fecal pellet specimens.
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Occurrence of toxicity among protease, amylase, and color mutants of a nontoxic soy sauce koji mold.
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[The celery-carrot-mugwort-condiment syndrome: skin test and RAST results].
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[Food allergy: the celery-mugwort-spice syndrome. Association with mango allergy?].
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[Yersinia enterocolitica: biotypes and serotypes isolated from horticultural products].
PubMed:
[First isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica in several horticultural products intended usually to be consumed fresh].
PubMed:
[Isolation and identification of flavon(ol)-O-glycosides in caraway (Carum carvi L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.), anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), and coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), and of flavon-C-glycosides in anise. I. Phenolics of spices (author's transl)].
PubMed:
Bacteriological quality assessment of fresh marketed lettuce and fennel.