cymbopogon citratus tincture

lemongrass tincture lemon grass tincture PubMed: Oviposition deterrent and ovicidal activities of seven herbal essential oils against female adults of housefly, Musca domestica L. PubMed: In vitro antiplasmodial activities and synergistic combinations of differential solvent extracts of the polyherbal product, nefang. PubMed: Excito-repellency of essential oils against an Aedes aegypti (L.) field population in Thailand. PubMed: Inhibitory effect of selected medicinal plants on the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. PubMed: Anti-proliferative effect and phytochemical analysis of Cymbopogon citratus extract. PubMed: Essential oils with insecticidal activity against larvae of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). PubMed: Anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity of 10 medicinal plants used in northeast Mexico. PubMed: Activation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in cancer cells by Cymbopogon citratus polysaccharide fractions. PubMed: Antimicrobial constituents and synergism effect of the essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus and Alpinia galanga. PubMed: Suppression of allergic and inflammatory responses by essential oils derived from herbal plants and citrus fruits. PubMed: Insecticidal Activity of Some Traditionally Used Ethiopian Medicinal Plants against Sheep Ked Melophagus ovinus. PubMed: Assessment of litter degradation in medicinal plants subjected to ultraviolet-B radiation. PubMed: Evaluation of six plant species used traditionally in the treatment and control of diabetes mellitus in South Africa using in vitro methods. PubMed: Assessment of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) stapf essential oil as herbal preservatives based on antifungal, antiaflatoxin, and antiochratoxin activities and in vivo efficacy during storage. PubMed: Optimized extraction of polysaccharides from Cymbopogon citratus and its biological activities. PubMed: Comparative study of antifungal activities of six selected essential oils against fungal isolates from cheese wagashi in Benin. PubMed: Antioxidant potential of a polyherbal antimalarial as an indicator of its therapeutic value. PubMed: Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus (D.C) Stapf) polyphenols protect human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVECs) from oxidative damage induced by high glucose, hydrogen peroxide and oxidised low-density lipoprotein. PubMed: Chemical composition and insecticidal activity of plant essential oils from Benin against Anopheles gambiae (Giles). PubMed: Inhibitory activity of Syzygium aromaticum and Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. essential oils against Listeria monocytogenes inoculated in bovine ground meat. PubMed: Chemical composition, cytotoxicity and in vitro antitrypanosomal and antiplasmodial activity of the essential oils of four Cymbopogon species from Benin. PubMed: Reduction of Aeromonas hidrophyla biofilm on stainless stell surface by essential oils. PubMed: Cymbopogon citratus Protects against the Renal Injury Induced by Toxic Doses of Aminoglycosides in Rabbits. PubMed: Formulas of components of citronella oil against mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti). PubMed: Protective effect of Cymbopogon citratus on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in the reproductive system of male rats. PubMed: Effects of Cymbopogon citratus and Ferula assa-foetida extracts on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. PubMed: Antimicrobial action and anti-corrosion effect against sulfate reducing bacteria by lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil and its major component, the citral. PubMed: Angolan Cymbopogon citratus used for therapeutic benefits: nutritional composition and influence of solvents in phytochemicals content and antioxidant activity of leaf extracts. PubMed: Treatment of pityriasis versicolor with topical application of essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf - therapeutic pilot study. PubMed: The repellency of lemongrass oil against stable flies, tested using video tracking. PubMed: Efficacy of herbal essential oils as insecticides against the housefly, Musca domestica L. PubMed: In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils against Streptococcus pyogenes. PubMed: SU-8/Pyrex microchip electrophoresis with integrated electrochemical detection for class-selective electrochemical index determination of phenolic compounds in complex samples. PubMed: Anti-inflammatory activity of Cymbopogon citratus leaves infusion via proteasome and nuclear factor-κB pathway inhibition: contribution of chlorogenic acid. PubMed: Aluminium and other elements in selected herbal tea plant species and their infusions. PubMed: Complementary and alternative medicine use among Mauritian women. PubMed: A Weibull model to describe antimicrobial kinetics of oregano and lemongrass essential oils against Salmonella Enteritidis in ground beef during refrigerated storage. PubMed: Ethnobotanical survey for potential anti-malarial plants in south-western Nigeria. PubMed: Phytochemical composition of Cymbopogon citratus and Eucalyptus citriodora essential oils and their anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties on Wistar rats. PubMed: P-glycoprotein mediated efflux in Caco-2 cell monolayers: the influence of herbals on digoxin transport. PubMed: Citronellol reduces orofacial nociceptive behaviour in mice - evidence of involvement of retrosplenial cortex and periaqueductal grey areas. PubMed: Ethnoveterinary knowledge and practices at Colares Island, Pará state, eastern Amazon, Brazil. PubMed: Housefly (Musca domestica L.) control potential of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. (Poales: Poaceae) essential oil and monoterpenes (citral and 1,8-cineole). PubMed: Fumigant toxicity of plant essential oils against Camptomyia corticalis (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). PubMed: Influence of extraction methodologies on the analysis of five major volatile aromatic compounds of citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) grown in Thailand. PubMed: Comparative molecular docking analysis of essential oil constituents as elastase inhibitors. PubMed: Effect of Cymbopogon citratus and Citral on Vascular Smooth Muscle of the Isolated Thoracic Rat Aorta. PubMed: The effects of herbal essential oils on the oviposition-deterrent and ovicidal activities of Aedes aegypti (Linn.), Anopheles dirus (Peyton and Harrison) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say). PubMed: Investigation of the mechanisms underlying the gastroprotective effect of cymbopogon citratus essential oil. PubMed: Development of microemulsion of a potent anti-tyrosinase essential oil of an edible plant. PubMed: Antityrosinase and antioxidant activities of essential oils of edible Thai plants. PubMed: Citronellol, a monoterpene alcohol, reduces nociceptive and inflammatory activities in rodents. PubMed: Biofilm inhibition by Cymbopogon citratus and Syzygium aromaticum essential oils in the strains of Candida albicans. PubMed: Efficacy of herbal essential oils as insecticide against Aedes aegypti (Linn.), Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) and Anopheles dirus (Peyton and Harrison). PubMed: Screening of anti-dengue activity in methanolic extracts of medicinal plants. PubMed: Monoterpenic aldehydes as potential anti-Leishmania agents: activity of Cymbopogon citratus and citral on L. infantum, L. tropica and L. major. PubMed: Efficiency of guva and lemon grass fine dusts on the potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). PubMed: Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Cymbopogon citratus, stapf (Lemon grass). PubMed: Spasmolytic effect of citral and extracts of Cymbopogon citratus on isolated rabbit ileum. PubMed: Antifungal activity by vapor contact of essential oils added to amaranth, chitosan, or starch edible films. PubMed: Modifying effects of lemongrass essential oil on specific tissue response to the carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitrosurea in female BALB/c mice. PubMed: In vitro antibacterial activity of medicinal plant extracts against Escherichia coli strains from human clinical specimens and interactions with antimicrobial drugs. PubMed: Acaricidal activity of Cymbopogon citratus and Azadirachta indica against house dust mites. PubMed: In vitro antifungal, anti-elastase and anti-keratinase activity of essential oils of Cinnamomum-, Syzygium- and Cymbopogon-species against Aspergillus fumigatus and Trichophyton rubrum. PubMed: Use of dimethyldioxirane in the epoxidation of the main constituents of the essential oils obtained from Tagetes lucida, Cymbopogon citratus, Lippia alba and Eucalyptus citriodora. PubMed: Lemongrass and citral effect on cytokines production by murine macrophages. PubMed: The GABAergic system contributes to the anxiolytic-like effect of essential oil from Cymbopogon citratus (lemongrass). PubMed: Inhibitory effect of formulated lemongrass shampoo on Malassezia furfur: a yeast associated with dandruff. PubMed: Cholesterol reduction and lack of genotoxic or toxic effects in mice after repeated 21-day oral intake of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oil. PubMed: Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Cymbopogon citratus and Cymbopogon giganteus essential oils alone and in combination. PubMed: Antioxidant potential of Cymbopogon citratus extract: alleviation of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic oxidative stress and toxicity. PubMed: Medicinal plants of the Mien (Yao) in Northern Thailand and their potential value in the primary healthcare of postpartum women. PubMed: Composition and toxic, repellent and feeding deterrent activity of essential oils against the stored-grain pests Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) and Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). PubMed: Repellent, larvicidal and pupicidal properties of essential oils and their formulations against the housefly, Musca domestica. PubMed: Patent literature on mosquito repellent inventions which contain plant essential oils--a review. PubMed: Microparticles containing lemongrass volatile oil: preparation, characterization and thermal stability. PubMed: In vitro effects of citral on trypanosoma cruzi metacyclogenesis. PubMed: Protective effects of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus STAPF) essential oil on DNA damage and carcinogenesis in female Balb/C mice. PubMed: Cymbopogon citratus as source of new and safe anti-inflammatory drugs: bio-guided assay using lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. PubMed: Comparative larvicidal activity of essential oils from three medicinal plants against Aedes aegypti L. PubMed: Liquid and vapour-phase antifungal activities of selected essential oils against Candida albicans: microscopic observations and chemical characterization of Cymbopogon citratus. PubMed: Cardioprotective effect of lemon grass as evidenced by biochemical and histopathological changes in experimentally induced cardiotoxicity. PubMed: Antimicrobial action of essential oil vapours and negative air ions against Pseudomonas fluorescens. PubMed: Characterization of potent anticholinesterase plant oil based microemulsion. PubMed: Characterisation and immuno-stimulating activity of polysaccharides from Thai medicinal plants. PubMed: Evaluation of In Vitro Activity of Essential Oils against Trypanosoma brucei brucei and Trypanosoma evansi. PubMed: Chemical composition and antioxidant and anti-Listeria activities of essential oils obtained from some Egyptian plants. PubMed: Suppression of oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory mediators by Cymbopogon citratus D. Stapf extract in lipopolysaccharide stimulated murine alveolar macrophages. PubMed: Lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) ameliorates murine spontaneous ileitis by decreasing lymphocyte recruitment to the inflamed intestine. PubMed: Cytogenotoxicity of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf (lemon grass) aqueous extracts in vegetal test systems. PubMed: Anti-inflammatory activity of Cymbopogon citratus leaf infusion in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated dendritic cells: contribution of the polyphenols. PubMed: Effect of Citrus reticulata and Cymbopogon citratus essential oils on Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin production on Asparagus racemosus. PubMed: Comparative anticonvulsant activities of the essential oils (EOs) from Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt and Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf. in mice. PubMed: Bioactivity against Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) of Cymbopogon citratus and Eucalyptus citriodora essential oils grown in Colombia. PubMed: Laboratory evaluation of traditionally used plant-based insect repellent against the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae). PubMed: Nematicidal activity of essential oils and volatiles derived from Portuguese aromatic flora against the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. PubMed: Therapeutic effects on murine oral candidiasis by oral administration of cassia (Cinnamomum cassia) preparation. PubMed: Larvicidal activity of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf. and Croton macrostachyus Del. against Anopheles arabiensis Patton, a potent malaria vector. PubMed: Control of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (penz.) Sacc. In yellow passion fruit using Cymbopogon citratus essential oil. PubMed: [Plant extracts in control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini, 1887) (Acari: Ixodidae) in laboratory]. PubMed: Hypotensive and vasorelaxant effects of citronellol, a monoterpene alcohol, in rats. PubMed: Inhibitory effect of three C-glycosylflavonoids from Cymbopogon citratus (Lemongrass) on human low density lipoprotein oxidation. PubMed: Growth of Cymbopogon citratus and Vetiveria zizanioides on Cu mine tailings amended with chicken manure and manure-soil mixtures: a pot scale study. PubMed: Conversion of natural aldehydes from Eucalyptus citriodora, Cymbopogon citratus, and Lippia multiflora into oximes: GC-MS and FT-IR analysis. PubMed: Preventive efficacy of hydroalcoholic extract of Cymbopogon citratus against radiation-induced DNA damage on V79 cells and free radical scavenging ability against radicals generated in vitro. PubMed: In vitro activity of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus and its major component (citral) on Leishmania amazonensis. PubMed: Lemongrass effects on IL-1beta and IL-6 production by macrophages. PubMed: Comparison of bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity of 13 essential oils against strains with varying sensitivity to antibiotics. PubMed: Effectiveness of Cymbopogon citratus L. essential oil to inhibit the growth of some filamentous fungi and yeasts. PubMed: Food preservative potential of essential oils and fractions from Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum gratissimum and Thymus vulgaris against mycotoxigenic fungi. PubMed: Treatment of oral thrush in HIV/AIDS patients with lemon juice and lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus) and gentian violet. PubMed: Effects of essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf., Lippia sidoides Cham., and Ocimum gratissimum L. on growth and ultrastructure of Leishmania chagasi promastigotes. PubMed: Antioxidant effects of different extracts from Melissa officinalis, Matricaria recutita and Cymbopogon citratus. PubMed: Evaluation of the chemical composition of Brazilian commercial Cymbopogon citratus (D.C.) stapf samples. PubMed: Manipulation of rumen ecology by dietary lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf.) powder supplementation. PubMed: Application of poly(dimethylsiloxane) fiber sol-gel coated onto NiTi alloy electrodeposited with zirconium oxide for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in herbal infusions. PubMed: Toxicity and gastric tolerance of essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus, Ocimum gratissimum and Ocimum basilicum in Wistar rats. PubMed: Inhibitory effect of citral on NO production by suppression of iNOS expression and NF-kappa B activation in RAW264.7 cells. PubMed: In vitro antimicrobial activity of plants in Acute Otitis Externa. PubMed: Toxicity of plant essential oils and their components against Lycoriella ingenua (Diptera: Sciaridae). PubMed: Antimicrobial effects of three tropical plant extracts on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. PubMed: Identification of geranic acid, a tyrosinase inhibitor in lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus). PubMed: Influence of aqueous crude extracts of medicinal plants on the osmotic stability of human erythrocytes. PubMed: Free radical scavengers from Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) stapf plants cultivated in bioreactors by the temporary immersion (TIS) principle. PubMed: Field evaluation of traditionally used plant-based insect repellents and fumigants against the malaria vector Anopheles darlingi in Riberalta, Bolivian Amazon. PubMed: Anti-proliferative effect of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf (lemongrass) on intracellular amastigotes, bloodstream trypomastigotes and culture epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi (Protozoa: Kinetoplastida). PubMed: Cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of aqueous extracts of five medicinal plants on Allium cepa Linn. PubMed: Neurobehavioral effect of essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus in mice. PubMed: Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of fresh leaf aqueous extract of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. in rats. PubMed: Are mosquitoes diverted from repellent-using individuals to non-users? Results of a field study in Bolivia. PubMed: Anticandidial activity of some essential oils of a mega biodiversity hotspot in India. PubMed: Effects of Cymbopogon citratus L. essential oil on the growth, morphogenesis and aflatoxin production of Aspergillus flavus ML2-strain. PubMed: Effects of Cymbopogon citratus L. essential oil on the growth, lipid content and morphogenesis of Aspergillus niger ML2-strain. PubMed: Antimicrobial activity of some essential oils against microorganisms deteriorating fruit juices. PubMed: Authenticity control of essential oils containing citronellal and citral by chiral and stable-isotope gas-chromatographic analysis. PubMed: Effect of Cymbopogon citratus L. essential oil on growth and morphogenesis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ML2-strain. PubMed: Synergism between plant extract and antimicrobial drugs used on Staphylococcus aureus diseases. PubMed: In vitro efficacy of 75 essential oils against Aspergillus niger. PubMed: Usefulness of the SOS Chromotest in the study of medicinal plants as radioprotectors. PubMed: Citral, a component of lemongrass oil inhibits the clastogenic effect of nickel chloride in mouse micronucleus test system. PubMed: [Alcoholic extract of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) on the control of Boophilus microplus in cattle]. PubMed: Comparative analysis of the oil and supercritical CO(2) extract of Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. PubMed: Comparative screening of plant essential oils: phenylpropanoid moiety as basic core for antiplatelet activity. PubMed: [Allelopathic effects of Cymbopogon citratu volatile and its chemical components]. PubMed: In vitro enzyme inhibition activities of crude ethanolic extracts derived from medicinal plants of Pakistan. PubMed: Citral is a new inducer of caspase-3 in tumor cell lines. PubMed: Free radical scavengers and antioxidants from Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.). PubMed: Antibacterial properties of essential oils from Thai medicinal plants. PubMed: LC determination of citral in Cymbopogon citratus volatile oil. PubMed: The use of powder and essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus against mould deterioration and aflatoxin contamination of "egusi" melon seeds. PubMed: In vivo antimalarial activity of essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus and Ocimum gratissimum on mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. PubMed: Larvicidal activity of essential oils from Brazilian plants against Aedes aegypti L. PubMed: Effect of essential oils on the growth of Fusarium verticillioides and fumonisin contamination in corn. PubMed: Five essential oils from aromatic plants of Cameroon: their antibacterial activity and ability to permeabilize the cytoplasmic membrane of Listeria innocua examined by flow cytometry. PubMed: Lippia alba, Melissa officinalis and Cymbopogon citratus: effects of the aqueous extracts on the isolated hearts of rats. PubMed: Evaluation of five essential oils from aromatic plants of Cameroon for controlling food spoilage and mycotoxin producing fungi. PubMed: Vasorelaxation induced by common edible tropical plant extracts in isolated rat aorta and mesenteric vascular bed. PubMed: [Anti-Candida albicans activity of essential oils including Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) oil and its component, citral]. PubMed: A comparative study of essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus and some members of the genus Citrus. PubMed: Fungicidal and anti-aflatoxigenic effects of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. (lemongrass) against Aspergillus flavus Link. isolated from stored rice. PubMed: Antimicrobial activity of essential oils against Helicobacter pylori. PubMed: Chemistry and biological significance of essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus from Pakistan. PubMed: A phase II detoxification enzyme inducer from lemongrass: identification of citral and involvement of electrophilic reaction in the enzyme induction. PubMed: Inhibitory effects of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus, Stapf) extract on the early phase of hepatocarcinogenesis after initiation with diethylnitrosamine in male Fischer 344 rats. PubMed: Comparison of extraction methods for marker compounds in the essential oil of lemon grass by GC. PubMed: Correlation between chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils of some aromatic medicinal plants growing in the Democratic Republic of Congo. PubMed: Comparative study of the assay of Artemia salina L. and the estimate of the medium lethal dose (LD50 value) in mice, to determine oral acute toxicity of plant extracts. PubMed: Effect of the Cymbopogon citratus, Maytenus ilicifolia and Baccharis genistelloides extracts against the stannous chloride oxidative damage in Escherichia coli. PubMed: Changes in essential oil during enzyme-assisted ensiling of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf.) and lemon eucalyptus (Eucalyptus citriodora Hook). PubMed: Antinociceptive effect of the essential oil from Cymbopogon citratus in mice. PubMed: Aflatoxin-albumin adduct formation after single and multiple doses of aflatoxin B(1) in rats treated with Thai medicinal plants. PubMed: Activities of the Pharmaceutical Technology Institute of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation with medicinal, insecticidal and insect repellent plants. PubMed: Induction of liver monooxygenases by beta-myrcene. PubMed: In vitro inhibition of CYP2B1 monooxygenase by beta-myrcene and other monoterpenoid compounds. PubMed: Inhibitory effects of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf) on formation of azoxymethane-induced DNA adducts and aberrant crypt foci in the rat colon. PubMed: In vitro evaluation of inhibitory nature of extracts of 18-plant species of Chhindwara against 3-keratinophilic fungi. PubMed: Screening of medicinal plants for induction of somatic segregation activity in Aspergillus nidulans. PubMed: Mitotic effects of the aqueous leaf extract of Cymbopogon citratus in Allium cepa root tips. PubMed: Possible anti-tumour promoting properties of traditional Thai food items and some of their active constituents. PubMed: Antimutagenicity of lemon grass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf) to various known mutagens in salmonella mutation assay. PubMed: Evaluation of some essential oils for their toxicity against fungi causing deterioration of stored food commodities. PubMed: In vitro antifungal activity of essential oils obtained from officinal plants against dermatophytes. PubMed: Fungitoxicity of essential oils against dermatophytes. PubMed: Absence of genotoxic activity of beta-myrcene in the in vivo cytogenetic bone marrow assay. PubMed: Ethnobotanical survey of the medicinal flora used by the Caribs of Guatemala. PubMed: Myrcene mimics the peripheral analgesic activity of lemongrass tea. PubMed: Evaluation of the mutagenicity of beta-myrcene in mammalian cells in vitro. PubMed: Neurobehavioral study of the effect of beta-myrcene on rodents. PubMed: Effect of myrcene on nociception in mice. PubMed: Pharmacological study of Cymbopogon citratus leaves. PubMed: Effects of lemongrass oil on the morphological characteristics and peptidoglycan synthesis of Escherichia coli cells. PubMed: Biodelignification of lemon grass and citronella bagasse by white-rot fungi. PubMed: Pharmacology of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf). II. Effects of daily two month administration in male and female rats and in offspring exposed "in utero". PubMed: Pharmacology of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf). I. Effects of teas prepared from the leaves on laboratory animals. PubMed: Pharmacology of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus Stapf). III. Assessment of eventual toxic, hypnotic and anxiolytic effects on humans. PubMed: Antibacterial constituents in the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. PubMed: Physiologal Homeostasis of Essential Oil Production in Lemon Grass (Cymbopogon citratus). PubMed: Photosynthetic rates of citronella and lemongrass. PubMed: Carbon dioxide compensation values in citronella and lemongrass. PubMed: Effect of essential oil of cymbopogon citratus stapf. on central nervous system. PubMed: Phytochemical investigation of some Nigerian plants used against fevers. II. Cymbopogon citratus.