bergamot oil
volatile oil obtained from the peel of citrus aurantium bergamia, rutaceae
Identification
| Name | bergamot oil |
| IUPAC | citrus × bergamia peel oil |
| CAS Number | 8007-75-8 |
| FDA UNII | 39W1PKE3JI |
| CoE Number | 137 |
Regulatory
| FEMA Number | 2153 |
| FDA | No longer provide for the use of these seven synthetic flavoring substances |
| FDA Mainterm (SATF) | 8007-75-8 ; BERGAMOT, OIL (CITRUS AURANTIUM L. SUBSP. BERGAMIA WRIGHT ET ARN.) |
| FDA Regulation | FDA PART 182 -- SUBSTANCES GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE |
Physical Properties
| Appearance | golden yellow amber clear liquid (est) |
| Food Chemicals Codex Listed | Yes |
| Specific Gravity | 0.87600 to 0.88400 @ 25.00 °C. |
| Pounds per Gallon - (est). | 7.289 to 7.356 |
| Refractive Index | 1.46400 to 1.46600 @ 20.00 °C. |
| Optical Rotation | +8.00 to +24.00 |
| Flash Point | 108.00 °F. TCC ( 42.22 °C. ) |
| Soluble in | alcohol |
| Insoluble in | water |
| Stability | non-discoloring in most media |
Cosmetic Information
| CosIng | cosmetic data |
| Cosmetic Uses | fragrance |
Organoleptic Properties
| Odor Description |
at 100.00 %. citrus woody orange linalyl acetate fresh citrus-floral terpene sweet-floral herbal bitter Citrus, earl grey tea, fresh, aldehydic
|
| Taste Description |
bergamot bergamot bergamot
|
Safety Information
| European information | Most important hazard(s): |
| Oral/Parenteral Toxicity | oral-rat LD50 11520 mg/kg |
| Dermal Toxicity | Not determined |
| Inhalation Toxicity | Not determined |
GHS Classification
['GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)', 'GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements']
Safety in Use
| Category | flavor and fragrance agents |
| RIFM Fragrance Material Safety Assessment | Search |
| IFRA Critical Effect | Phototoxicity |
| fragrance material specification | Where the bergapten (5-methoxypsoralen) content of all relevant oils present in a compound has been determined, it is recommended that for applications on areas of skin exposed to sunshine, excluding bath preparations, soaps and other products which are washed off the skin, the total level of bergapten in the consumer products should not exceed 0.0015% (15 ppm). This is equivalent to 0.0075% (75 ppm) in a fragrance compound used at 20% in the consumer product. Where the level of bergapten has not been determined by appropriate methods, the limits specified in the guidelines on individual oils should apply. In those cases, where such oils are used in combination with other phototoxic ingredients, the additive effect has to be taken into consideration and the use levels have to be reduced accordingly. The sum of the concentrations of all phototoxic fragrance ingredients, expressed in % of their recommended maximum level in the consumer product, shall not exceed 100. exceed 0.0015% (15 ppm). This is equivalent to 0.0075% (75 ppm) in a fragrance compound used at 20% in the consumer product. Where the level of bergapten has not been determined by appropriate methods, the limits specified in the guidelines on individual oils should apply. In those cases, where such oils are used in combination with other phototoxic ingredients, the additive effect has to be taken into consideration and the use levels have to be reduced accordingly. The sum of the concentrations of all phototoxic fragrance ingredients, expressed in % of their recommended maximum level in the consumer product, shall not exceed 100. |
| IFRA RESTRICTION LIMITS IN THE FINISHED PRODUCT (%) | Category 1: Products applied to the lips |
| Notes | IFRA FLAVOR REQUIREMENTS: |
| baked goods | - |
| beverages(nonalcoholic) | - |
| beverages(alcoholic) | - |
| breakfast cereal | - |
| cheese | - |
| chewing gum | - |
| condiments / relishes | - |
| confectionery froastings | 1.00000 |
| egg products | - |
| fats / oils | - |
| fish products | - |
| frozen dairy | - |
| fruit ices | - |
| gelatins / puddings | 5.30000 |
| granulated sugar | - |
| gravies | - |
| hard candy | - |
| imitation dairy | - |
| instant coffee / tea | - |
| jams / jellies | - |
| meat products | - |
| milk products | - |
| nut products | - |
| other grains | - |
| poultry | - |
| processed fruits | - |
| processed vegetables | - |
| reconstituted vegetables | - |
| seasonings / flavors | - |
| snack foods | - |
| soft candy | - |
| soups | - |
| sugar substitutes | - |
| sweet sauces | - |
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The Lermond Company
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Potential Uses
Natural Occurrence
Synonyms
bergamot oil
bergamot oil organic
bergamot oil rectified
bergamot oil, argentina
bergamote ess TBM 01
bergamote ess TBM 02
bergamote select 01
citrus aurantium bergamia peel oil
citrus aurantium var. bergamia peel oil
citrus bergamia peel oil
citrus x bergamia peel oil
volatile oil obtained from the peel of citrus aurantium bergamia, rutaceae
PubMed:
Flavonoid Fraction of Bergamot Juice Reduces LPS-Induced Inflammatory Response through SIRT1-Mediated NF-κB Inhibition in THP-1 Monocytes.
PubMed:
Bergamot Juice Extract Inhibits Proliferation by Inducing Apoptosis in Human Colon Cancer Cells.
PubMed:
Antibacterial activity of essential oils, their blends and mixtures of their main constituents against some strains supporting livestock mastitis.
PubMed:
Effect of Citrus bergamia juice on human neuroblastoma cells in vitro and in metastatic xenograft models.
PubMed:
Magnetically recoverable, thermostable, hydrophobic DNA/silica encapsulates and their application as invisible oil tags.
PubMed:
The essential oil of bergamot stimulates reactive oxygen species production in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
PubMed:
Citrus bergamia Risso Elevates Intracellular Ca (2+) in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells due to Release of Ca (2+) from Primary Intracellular Stores.
PubMed:
Anticancer activity of liposomal bergamot essential oil (BEO) on human neuroblastoma cells.
PubMed:
Inhibitory effect of essential oils against Trichosporon ovoides causing Piedra Hair Infection.
PubMed:
Ultra high performance liquid chromatography with ion-trap TOF-MS for the fast characterization of flavonoids in Citrus bergamia juice.
PubMed:
Implication of limonene and linalyl acetate in cytotoxicity induced by bergamot essential oil in human neuroblastoma cells.
PubMed:
Mechanisms underlying the anti-tumoral effects of Citrus Bergamia juice.
PubMed:
The essential oil of Citrus bergamiaâ
Risso induces vasorelaxation of the mouse aorta by activating K(+) channels and inhibiting Ca(2+) influx.
PubMed:
Bergamot essential oil differentially modulates intracellular Ca2+ levels in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells: a new finding seen with fura-2.
PubMed:
Peripherally injected linalool and bergamot essential oil attenuate mechanical allodynia via inhibiting spinal ERK phosphorylation.
PubMed:
N-methylated tryptamine derivatives in citrus genus plants: identification of N,N,N-trimethyltryptamine in bergamot.
PubMed:
The anti-biofilm activity of lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) and grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) essential oils against five strains of Staphylococcus aureus.
PubMed:
Fungal decay and shelf life of oranges coated with chitosan and bergamot, thyme, and tea tree essential oils.
PubMed:
Protective effects of an extract from Citrus bergamia against inflammatory injury in interferon-γ and histamine exposed human keratinocytes.
PubMed:
In vitro antimycoplasmal activity of Citrus bergamia essential oil and its major components.
PubMed:
Inhalation aromatherapy in children and adolescents undergoing stem cell infusion: results of a placebo-controlled double-blind trial.
PubMed:
Occurrence of pipecolic acid and pipecolic acid betaine (homostachydrine) in Citrus genus plants.
PubMed:
Aroma-therapeutic effects of massage blended essential oils on humans.
PubMed:
Toxic profile of bergamot essential oil on survival and proliferation of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells.
PubMed:
Betaines in fruits of Citrus genus plants.
PubMed:
Citrus bergamia juice: phytochemical and technological studies.
PubMed:
Bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) fruit extracts and identified components alter expression of interleukin 8 gene in cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cell lines.
PubMed:
Update of the toxicological assessment of furanocoumarins in foodstuffs (Update of the SKLM statement of 23/24 September 2004)--Opinion of the Senate Commission on Food Safety (SKLM) of the German Research Foundation (DFG).
PubMed:
Antiviral activity of seed extract from Citrus bergamia towards human retroviruses.
PubMed:
Proline derivatives in fruits of bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso et Poit): presence of N-methyl-L-proline and 4-hydroxy-L-prolinebetaine.
PubMed:
Acute effects of bergamot oil on anxiety-related behaviour and corticosterone level in rats.
PubMed:
Intraplantar injection of bergamot essential oil induces peripheral antinociception mediated by opioid mechanism.
PubMed:
In vitro photo-induced cytotoxic activity of Citrus bergamia and C. medica L. cv. Diamante peel essential oils and identified active coumarins.
PubMed:
In vitro protective effects of two extracts from bergamot peels on human endothelial cells exposed to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha).
PubMed:
Antioxidant/lipoxygenase inhibitory activities and chemical compositions of selected essential oils.
PubMed:
Selective removal of monoterpenes from bergamot oil by inclusion in deoxycholic acid.
PubMed:
In vitro inhibition of vancomycin-susceptible and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and E. faecalis in the presence of citrus essential oils.
PubMed:
Neuropharmacology of the essential oil of bergamot.
PubMed:
New asymmetrical per-substituted cyclodextrins (2-O-methyl-3-O-ethyl- and 2-O-ethyl-3-O-methyl-6-O-t-butyldimethylsilyl-beta-derivatives) as chiral selectors for enantioselective gas chromatography in the flavour and fragrance field.
PubMed:
Effects of systemic administration of the essential oil of bergamot (BEO) on gross behaviour and EEG power spectra recorded from the rat hippocampus and cerebral cortex.
PubMed:
Effects of music and essential oil inhalation on cardiac autonomic balance in healthy individuals.
PubMed:
Citrus bergamia Risso & Poiteau juice protects against renal injury of diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in rats.
PubMed:
Prevention of Glutamate Accumulation and Upregulation of Phospho-Akt may Account for Neuroprotection Afforded by Bergamot Essential Oil against Brain Injury Induced by Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Rat.
PubMed:
Intraplantar injection of bergamot essential oil into the mouse hindpaw: effects on capsaicin-induced nociceptive behaviors.
PubMed:
Statin-like principles of bergamot fruit (Citrus bergamia): isolation of 3-hydroxymethylglutaryl flavonoid glycosides.
PubMed:
[The effects of aromatherapy on stress and stress responses in adolescents].
PubMed:
Bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) fruit extracts as γ-globin gene expression inducers: phytochemical and functional perspectives.
PubMed:
High quality bergamot oil from Greece: Chemical analysis using chiral gas chromatography and larvicidal activity against the West Nile virus vector.
PubMed:
The mechanism of action of a citrus oil blend against Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis.
PubMed:
Evaluation of flavonoids and furanocoumarins from Citrus bergamia (Bergamot) juice and identification of new compounds.
PubMed:
[Effects of aroma hand massage on pain, state anxiety and depression in hospice patients with terminal cancer].
PubMed:
Estimating bergamot juice adulteration of lemon juice by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of flavanone glycosides.
PubMed:
The protective effect of bergamot oil extract on lecitine-like oxyLDL receptor-1 expression in balloon injury-related neointima formation.
PubMed:
Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids extracted from bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) peel, a byproduct of the essential oil industry.
PubMed:
Hypolipidemic effects of Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau juice in rats fed a hypercholesterolemic diet.
PubMed:
Further insights into the floral character of Touriga Nacional wines.
PubMed:
UVB phototherapeutic modalities. Comparison of two treatments for chronic plaque psoriasis.
PubMed:
Distribution of flavonoids and furocoumarins in juices from cultivars of Citrus bergamia Risso.
PubMed:
Comparison of the volatile constituents in cold-pressed bergamot oil and a volatile oil isolated by vacuum distillation.
PubMed:
Phototoxicity of bergamot oil assessed by in vitro techniques in combination with human patch tests.
PubMed:
[Purely natural: phototoxic dermatitis].
PubMed:
Evaluation of phototoxic properties of fragrances.
PubMed:
The survival of three strains of Arcobacter butzleri in the presence of lemon, orange and bergamot essential oils and their components in vitro and on food.
PubMed:
Cell signaling pathways in the mechanisms of neuroprotection afforded by bergamot essential oil against NMDA-induced cell death in vitro.
PubMed:
[The effects of the inhalation method using essential oils on blood pressure and stress responses of clients with essential hypertension].
PubMed:
The essential oil of bergamot enhances the levels of amino acid neurotransmitters in the hippocampus of rat: implication of monoterpene hydrocarbons.
PubMed:
In vitro activity of Citrus bergamia (bergamot) oil against clinical isolates of dermatophytes.
PubMed:
The effect of lemon, orange and bergamot essential oils and their components on the survival of Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli O157, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus in vitro and in food systems.
PubMed:
Enzymatic hydrolysis of flavonoids and pectic oligosaccharides from bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) peel.
PubMed:
Mosquito larvicidal activity of aromatic medicinal plant oils against Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens pallens.
PubMed:
Flavonoid glycosides in bergamot juice (Citrus bergamia Risso).
PubMed:
[Toxic mustard plaster dematitis and phototoxic dematitis after application of bergamot oil].
PubMed:
Characterization of flavonoids and pectins from bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso) peel, a major byproduct of essential oil extraction.
PubMed:
High-throughput analysis of bergamot essential oil by fast solid-phase microextraction-capillary gas chromatography-flame ionization detection.
PubMed:
Assessment of the phototoxic hazard of some essential oils using modified 3T3 neutral red uptake assay.
PubMed:
Determination of some heavy metals and selenium in Sicilian and Calabrian citrus essential oils using derivative stripping chronopotentiometry.
PubMed:
In vitro activity of bergamot natural essence and furocoumarin-free and distilled extracts, and their associations with boric acid, against clinical yeast isolates.
PubMed:
Combination of supercritical CO2 and vacuum distillation for the fractionation of bergamot oil.
PubMed:
Pesticide and plasticizer residues in bergamot essential oils from Calabria (Italy).
PubMed:
Study of the extraction procedure by experimental design and validation of a LC method for determination of flavonoids in Citrus bergamia juice.
PubMed:
Chemical and biological diversity of Bergamot (Citrus bergamia) in relation to environmental factors.
PubMed:
Inhalation aromatherapy during radiotherapy: results of a placebo-controlled double-blind randomized trial.
PubMed:
Rodenticidal activity of two natural coumarines from ether extract of Citrus bergamia.
PubMed:
Effects of rootstock on the composition of bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau) essential oil.
PubMed:
Determination of 5-methoxypsoralen in human serum.
PubMed:
Earl Grey, in excess.
PubMed:
Analysis of limette and bergamot distilled essential oils by HPLC.
PubMed:
Toxic effects of six plant oils alone and in combination with controlled atmosphere on Liposcelis bostrychophila (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae).
PubMed:
Accidental bullous phototoxic reactions to bergamot aromatherapy oil.
PubMed:
How big is a drop? A volumetric assay of essential oils.
PubMed:
Dangers of the intake of psoralens and subsequent UV exposure producing significant burns.
PubMed:
Quantitative assessment of epidermal melanogenesis in C3H/Tif hr/hr mice treated with topical furocoumarins and UVA radiation.
PubMed:
Action spectrum for bergamot-oil phototoxicity measured by sunburn cell counting.
PubMed:
Evaluation of phototoxic and photogenotoxic risk associated with the use of photosensitizers in suntan preparations: application to tanning preparations containing bergamot oil.
PubMed:
Studies on the genotoxic properties of essential oils with Bacillus subtilis rec-assay and Salmonella/microsome reversion assay.
PubMed:
High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of citropten and bergapten in suction blister fluid after solar product application in humans.
PubMed:
Photoreactivity of 5-geranoxypsoralen and lack of photoreaction with DNA.
PubMed:
Citropten and bergapten suction blister fluid concentrations after solar product application in man.
PubMed:
The photochemistry and photobiology of bergamot oil as a perfume ingredient: an overview.
PubMed:
Phototoxic properties of perfumes containing bergamot oil on human skin: photoprotective effect of UVA and UVB sunscreens.
PubMed:
Phototumorigenesis studies of 5-methoxypsoralen in bergamot oil: evaluation and modification of risk of human use in an albino mouse skin model.
PubMed:
Genotoxicity of bergapten and bergamot oil in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
PubMed:
In vitro photostability and photosensitizing properties of bergamot oil. Effects of a cinnamate sunscreen.
PubMed:
A quantitative in vitro assay for the evaluation of phototoxic potential of topically applied materials.
PubMed:
Phytophotodermatitis.
PubMed:
[Contact dermatitis caused by bergamot oil].
PubMed:
Inhibition of bergaptene toxicity by UV-A filters.
PubMed:
[Phototoxicity of Bergamot oil. Comparison between humans and guinea pigs].
PubMed:
A study of oil of bergamot and its importance as a phototoxic agent. II. Factors which affect the phototoxic reaction induced by bergamot oil and psoralen derivatives.
PubMed:
[Accidents due to tanning cosmetics with a base of bergamot oil].
PubMed:
[The zinc oxide and bergamot oil gingival dressing and rationale of its preparation].
PubMed:
[Simplified method of preparation of the zinc oxide-bergamot oil gingival dressing].
PubMed:
[EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF GINGIVAL DRESSING WITH BERGAMOT OIL].
PubMed:
[Chemical composition of the endocarpus of the fruit of bergamot (Citrus bergamia, Risso)].
PubMed:
[Vitamin content of bergamot].
PubMed:
[Not Available].
PubMed:
Local sensitization of the skin to Grenz rays by bergamot oil.