Identification

Namesuccinic acid
IUPACbutanedioic acid
CAS Number110-15-6
EINECS203-740-4
FDA UNIIAB6MNQ6J6L
Molecular FormulaC4 H6 O4
Molecular Weight118.08862000
MDL NumberMFCD00002789
Nikkaji NumberJ2.879G
Beilstein1754069
CoE Number24
XlogP3-0.60 (est)

Regulatory

FDA/DG SANTE Petitions, Reviews, Notices184.1091
DG SANTE Food Flavourings08.024 succinic acid
DG SANTE Food Additivessuccinic acid
DG SANTE Food Contact Materialssuccinic acid
FEMA Number4719
FDANo longer provide for the use of these seven synthetic flavoring substances
FDA Mainterm (SATF)110-15-6 ; SUCCINIC ACID
FDA RegulationFDA PART 172 -- FOOD ADDITIVES PERMITTED FOR DIRECT ADDITION TO FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION

Physical Properties

Appearance colorless crystalline powder (est)
Assay 99.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed Yes
Melting Point 185.00 to 190.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point 235.00 to 236.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Vapor Pressure 0.017000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est)
Flash Point 231.00 °F. TCC ( 110.56 °C. )
logP (o/w) -0.590
Soluble in alcohol

Cosmetic Information

CosIngcosmetic data
Cosmetic Usesbuffering agents

Organoleptic Properties

Odor Strength none
Odor Description at 100.00 %.
Taste Description sour acidic

Safety Information

Preferred SDSView
European informationMost important hazard(s):
Oral/Parenteral Toxicityintraperitoneal-mouse LD50 2702 mg/kg
Dermal ToxicityNot determined
Inhalation ToxicityNot determined

GHS Classification

['GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)', 'GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements']

Safety in Use

Categoryflavor enhancers, pH control agents
Recommendation for succinic acid usage levels up tonot for fragrance use.
baked goods60.00000
beverages(nonalcoholic)30.00000
beverages(alcoholic)60.00000
breakfast cereal60.00000
cheese60.00000
chewing gum60.00000
condiments / relishes60.00000
confectionery froastings60.00000
egg products60.00000
fats / oils60.00000
fish products60.00000
frozen dairy60.00000
fruit ices60.00000
gelatins / puddings60.00000
granulated sugar60.00000
gravies60.00000
hard candy60.00000
imitation dairy60.00000
instant coffee / tea60.00000
jams / jellies60.00000
meat products60.00000
milk products60.00000
nut products60.00000
other grains60.00000
poultry60.00000
processed fruits60.00000
processed vegetables60.00000
reconstituted vegetables60.00000
seasonings / flavors100.00000
snack foods60.00000
soft candy60.00000
soups60.00000
sugar substitutes100.00000
sweet sauces60.00000

Advanced Biotech. Inc.

Inspired by Nature

A diverse range of products, all meeting our stringent commitment to quality.

View All Website 973-339-6242 info@adv-bio.com

Alfrebro LLC/ Archer Daniels Midland Company

Let's get reacquainted

Building great taste with aroma chemicals, extracts, and distillates

View All Website 513-539-7373 sforbis@alfrebro.com

Beijing Lys Chemicals Co, LTD.

From Grams to Tons

Fine chemical high-tech company which contains R&D, production, and sales.

View All Website 86-10-68418738 jiayanyong@lyschem.com

BOC Sciences

Best of Chemicals Supplier

Quality supplier of research chemicals and biochemicals including inhibitors, building blocks, GMP Products, impurities and metabolites, APIs for Veterinary, Natural Compounds, ADCs, Stem Cell Molecul...

View All Website 1-631-485-4226 account@bocsci.com

Charkit Chemical Corporation

The Specialty Chemical Specialists

Explore this website to discover the products and services that Charkit provides for your industry and please contact us directly to find out how we can be of service to you.

View All Website 203-299-3220 sales@charkit.com

Glentham Life Sciences Ltd

The Chemical, Biochemical & Research Essentials Supplier

Glentham Life Sciences is a supplier of fine chemicals and raw materials with warehousing, laboratories and packaging facilities in the UK.

View All Website +44 (0) 1225 667798 info@glentham.com

Indukern, S.A. F&F Ingredients Division

Commitment to quality

Idukern F&F Ingredients is your partner for the fragrance and flavor ingredients.

View All Website +34 93 506 91 00 info@indukern.es

Lluch Essence S.L.

A family company dedicated to sales and distribution

Flexibility, availability, price and quality.

View All Website 34 93 379 38 49 web@lluche.com

M&U International LLC

Steady supply & demand

Meeting customers increasing demands at home as well as abroad.

View All Website 908-359-9000 sales@mu-intel.com

Natural Advantage

Manufacturer of natural flavor ingredients

With over 25 years experience in the flavor and food ingredient industries.

View All Website 318-215-1456 info@natadv.com

O'Laughlin Industries Inc.

Manufacturer of chemicals and ingredients used in flavors, fragrances, food, beverages and cosmetics

Leading the Flavor and Fragrance Industry since 1980.

View All Website (973) 376-4600 olcorphk@hkstar.com

Penta International Corporation

Chemistry innovation

At Penta, our products and services help businesses do business better.

View All Website (973) 740-2300 lisaa@pentamfg.com

Riverside Aromatics Ltd.

Speciality Aroma Chemicals, Naturals and Synthetics

A specialist supplier of raw materials to the flavour industry.

View All Website +44 (0) 1202 679532 info@riversidearomatics.com

Sigma-Aldrich

Complete Supply Chain

The perfect blend of products and services that bring your creativity to life.

View All Website 800-244-1173 ff@sial.com

TCI AMERICA

Moving Your Chemistry Forward

We continuously strive to advance our technology.

View All Website 1-800-423-8616 Sales-US@TCIchemicals.com;

Tianjin Danjun International Trade Co., LTD.

Quality Products

We know the Chinese chemical market well.

View All Website +86-15822601686 songshasha@danjunchem.com

Qingdao Free Trade Zone United International Co Ltd

Quality Products

A partner in your supply chain solution.

View All Website +86-532-83893699 info@unitedint.com

Ernesto Ventós S.A.

Leaders in essence

We employ our five senses to do our job well.

View All Website +1 856 226 7501 info@ventos.com

Vigon International

Passion for Simplicity

Manufacturer and supplier of high quality flavor and fragrance ingredients.

View All Website 570-476-6300 sales@vigon.com

Potential Uses

buffering agents

Natural Occurrence

alfalfa apple plant apricot fruit asparagus shoot banana fruit banana leaf basil plant bean black bean fruit bean field bean fruit beer PMC bilberry leaf broccoli asparagus broccoli plant brussel sprout leaf buckthorn sea buckthorn fruit cabbage leaf carrot root celery root cheese swiss cheese @ 4.00 ± 1 mmol Data cherry sour cherry fruit chive leaf coconut root coconut seed corn plant corn seed currant red currant fruit fig fruit fig fruit juice garlic plant ginkgo biloba leaf ginkgo biloba pollen grape fruit kiwi plant lemon balm plant lime fruit loquat fruit lupine white lupine seed mango fruit onion bulb onion leaf orange fruit orange fruit juice parsley plant parsley root pea seed pistachio nut plum fruit pomegranate fruit poppy opium poppy latex potato plant raspberry red raspberry fruit raspberry red raspberry fruit, leaf raspberry red raspberry leaf rhubarb plant soybean root soybean seed soybean sprout star fruit fruit sunflower leaf tamarind fruit tamarind seed tomatillo fruit tomato fruit

Synonyms

acidum succinicum amber acid asuccin bernsteinsaure butane dioic acid 1,4- butane dioic acid butane dionic acid butanedioic acid 1,4- butanedioic acid dihydrofumaric acid 1,2- ethane dicarboxylic acid 1,2- ethanedicarboxylic acid ethylene dicarboxylic acid ethylene succinic acid katasuccin spirit of amber bio- succinic acid succinic acid FCC succinic acid N.F. grade succinic acid natural succinic acid synthetic succinic acid technical grade succinicacid wormwood acid Perfumer & Flavorist: Organoleptic Characteristics of Flavor Materials PubMed: Integration of metabolomics and subcellular organelle expression microarray to increase understanding the organic acid changes in post-harvest citrus fruit. Leffingwell & Associates: Flavor Properties of FEMA GRAS List 25 flavor chemicals PubMed: Robust nanobioconjugates of Candida antarctica lipase B--multiwalled carbon nanotubes: characterization and application for multiple usages in non-aqueous biocatalysis. PubMed: Metabolic fingerprinting of hard and semi-hard natural cheeses using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector for practical sensory prediction modeling. PubMed: Identification and analysis of the metabolic functions of a high-salt-tolerant halophilic aromatic yeast Candida etchellsii for soy sauce production. PubMed: Oxygen consumption rate of permeabilized cells and isolated mitochondria from pork M. masseter and liver examined fresh and after freeze-thawing at different pH values. PubMed: Nonvolatile taste compounds in cooked Chinese Nanjing duck meat following postproduction heat treatment. PubMed: Metabolomics-based component profiling of hard and semi-hard natural cheeses with gas chromatography/time-of-flight-mass spectrometry, and its application to sensory predictive modeling. PubMed: Sources of umami taste in Cheddar and Swiss cheeses. PubMed: Development of a CE method to analyze organic acids in dairy products: application to study the metabolism of heat-shocked spores. PubMed: A hybrid of ant colony optimization and minimization of metabolic adjustment to improve the production of succinic acid in Escherichia coli. PubMed: Anaerobic organic acid metabolism of Candida zemplinina in comparison with Saccharomyces wine yeasts. PubMed: Development of an industrializable fermentation process for propionic acid production. PubMed: Evolution of polyphenols and organic acids during the fermentation of apple cider. PubMed: Physicochemical and Microbial Properties of the Korean Traditional Rice Wine, Makgeolli, Supplemented with Banana during Fermentation. PubMed: [Progress in microbial production of succinic acid]. PubMed: Valorization of industrial waste and by-product streams via fermentation for the production of chemicals and biopolymers. PubMed: Succinic acid in levels produced by yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) during fermentation strongly impacts wheat bread dough properties. PubMed: Recent advances in production of succinic acid from lignocellulosic biomass. PubMed: High-fat diet reduces the formation of butyrate, but increases succinate, inflammation, liver fat and cholesterol in rats, while dietary fibre counteracts these effects. PubMed: Microbiological Characteristics of Wild Yeast Strain Pichia anomala Y197-13 for Brewing Makgeolli. PubMed: Contributions of citrate in redox potential maintenance and ATP production: metabolic pathways and their regulation in Lactobacillus panis PM1. PubMed: Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli to minimize byproduct formate and improving succinate productivity through increasing NADH availability by heterologous expression of NAD(+)-dependent formate dehydrogenase. PubMed: Stability of monacolin K and citrinin and biochemical characterization of red-koji vinegar during fermentation. PubMed: Quality of tomato slices disinfected with ozonated water. PubMed: Microbial succession and metabolite changes during long-term storage of Kimchi. PubMed: Comparative proteomic and metabolomic profiling of citrus fruit with enhancement of disease resistance by postharvest heat treatment. PubMed: Influence of oxygen on NADH recycling and oxidative stress resistance systems in Lactobacillus panis PM1. PubMed: Wheat flour based propionic acid fermentation: an economic approach. PubMed: Effects of succinate and pH on cooked beef color. PubMed: Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. PubMed: Analysis of Taiwan patents for the medicinal mushroom "Niu-Chang- Chih". PubMed: Physico-chemical and antioxidant properties of four mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivars in China. PubMed: (-) Epicatechin attenuates mitochondrial damage by enhancing mitochondrial multi-marker enzymes, adenosine triphosphate and lowering calcium in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarcted rats. PubMed: The genetic basis of natural variation in oenological traits in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PubMed: Mapping of Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolites in fermenting wheat straight-dough reveals succinic acid as pH-determining factor. PubMed: Isolation and characterization of novel 1,3-propanediol-producing Lactobacillus panis PM1 from bioethanol thin stillage. PubMed: Textural characteristic, antioxidant activity, sugar, organic acid, and phenolic profiles of 10 promising jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) selections. PubMed: Metabolic fingerprinting of hard and semi-hard natural cheeses using gas chromatography with flame ionization detector for practical sensory prediction modeling. PubMed: Role of anionic charges of periplasmic glucans of Shigella flexneri in overcoming detergent stress. PubMed: Identification of organic acids in wine that stimulate mechanisms of gastric acid secretion. PubMed: A metabolomic approach to the study of wine micro-oxygenation. PubMed: Review of biological and pharmacological activities of the endemic Taiwanese bitter medicinal mushroom, Antrodia camphorata (M. Zang et C. H. Su) Sh. H. Wu et al. (higher Basidiomycetes). PubMed: High level production of 5-aminolevulinic acid by Propionibacterium acidipropionici grown in a low-cost medium. PubMed: Metabolic profiling of Staphylococcus aureus cultivated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions with (1)H NMR-based nontargeted analysis. PubMed: Metabolomics-based component profiling of hard and semi-hard natural cheeses with gas chromatography/time-of-flight-mass spectrometry, and its application to sensory predictive modeling. PubMed: Field enhancement sample stacking for analysis of organic acids in traditional Chinese medicine by capillary electrophoresis. PubMed: The effect of once daily omeprazole and succinic acid (VECAM) vs once daily omeprazole on 24-h intragastric pH. PubMed: In vitro and in vivo characterization of amorphous, nanocrystalline, and crystalline ziprasidone formulations. PubMed: Genes involved in lactose catabolism and organic acid production during growth of Lactobacillus delbrueckii UFV H2b20 in skimmed milk. PubMed: Identification of beer bitter acids regulating mechanisms of gastric acid secretion. PubMed: Microbial production of propionic acid from propionibacteria: current state, challenges and perspectives. PubMed: Role of anionic charges of osmoregulated periplasmic glucans of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium SL1344 in mice virulence. PubMed: Integrated separation process for isolation and purification of biosuccinic acid. PubMed: Proteomic analysis on acetate metabolism in Citrobacter sp. BL-4. PubMed: Preparation and characterization of succinic acid deamidated wheat gluten microspheres for encapsulation of fish oil. PubMed: Influence of dietary blueberry and broccoli on cecal microbiota activity and colon morphology in mdr1a(-/-) mice, a model of inflammatory bowel diseases. PubMed: Effects of freeze-drying of samples on metabolite levels in metabolome analyses. PubMed: Rapid NMR method for the quantification of organic compounds in thin stillage. PubMed: [Phenotropyl succinate as the means for correction of neuroimmune disturbances under conditions of informational-physical stress]. PubMed: Purification of d-a-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) by a temperature-modulated silica gel column chromatography: use of Taguchi method to optimize purification conditions. PubMed: Transcellular transport of domoic acid across intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayers. PubMed: Effects of pyruvate, succinate, and lactate enhancement on beef longissimus raw color. PubMed: Sensorically and antimicrobially active metabolite production of Lactobacillus strains on Jerusalem artichoke juice. PubMed: Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. PubMed: Designing carbohydrate nanoparticles for prolonged efficacy of antimicrobial peptide. PubMed: Evaluation of certain food additives. Seventy-first report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. PubMed: Metabolite profiling of Cheonggukjang, a fermented soybean paste, inoculated with various Bacillus strains during fermentation. PubMed: Effect of pH, aeration and feeding non-sterilized agave juice in a continuous agave juice fermentation. PubMed: Determination of non-volatile and volatile organic acids in Korean traditional fermented soybean paste (Doenjang). PubMed: Use of response surface methodology in a fed-batch process for optimization of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates to achieve high levels of canthaxanthin from Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1. PubMed: Global regulation of food supply by Pseudomonas putida DOT-T1E. PubMed: Metabolomics analysis reveals the compositional differences of shade grown tea (Camellia sinensis L.). PubMed: A portable photoelectrochemical probe for rapid determination of chemical oxygen demand in wastewaters. PubMed: Cereal-based biorefinery development: utilisation of wheat milling by-products for the production of succinic acid. PubMed: Effect of succinate sodium on the metmyoglobin reduction and color stability of beef patties. PubMed: A thorough study on the use of quantitative 1H NMR in Rioja red wine fermentation processes. PubMed: Characterization of low-molecular-weight antiyeast metabolites produced by a food-protective Lactobacillus-Propionibacterium coculture. PubMed: Screening and selection of marine isolate for L-glutaminase production and media optimization using response surface methodology. PubMed: [Breeding of Actinobacillus succiniogenes mutants with improved succinate production based on metabolic flux analysis]. PubMed: Niuchangchih (Antrodia camphorata) and its potential in treating liver diseases. PubMed: [Screening, breeding and metabolic analysis of a succinic-acid-producing strain]. PubMed: A succinate-based composition reverses menopausal symptoms without sex hormone replacement therapy. PubMed: Use of dicarboxylic acids to improve and diversify the material properties of porous chitosan membranes. PubMed: Quantitative reconstruction of the nonvolatile sensometabolome of a red wine. PubMed: Succinic acid production from cheese whey using Actinobacillus succinogenes 130 Z. PubMed: Comparison of the skin sensitizing potential of unsaturated compounds as assessed by the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) and the guinea pig maximization test (GPMT). PubMed: Determination of differences in the nonvolatile metabolites of pine-mushrooms (Tricholoma matsutake Sing.) according to different parts and heating times using 1H NMR and principal component analysis. PubMed: Sources of umami taste in Cheddar and Swiss cheeses. PubMed: Bioconversion of tyrosol into hydroxytyrosol and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid under hypersaline conditions by the new Halomonas sp. strain HTB24. PubMed: Bacterial synthesis of poly(hydroxybutyrate- co-hydroxyvalerate) using carbohydrate-rich mahua (Madhuca sp.) flowers. PubMed: Population dynamics and metabolite target analysis of lactic acid bacteria during laboratory fermentations of wheat and spelt sourdoughs. PubMed: In situ measurements of pH changes in beta-lactoglobulin solutions under high hydrostatic pressure. PubMed: A convenient route to the synthesis of isotopomeric dihydro-2(3H)furanones. PubMed: [Simultaneous determination of twenty-one organic acids in food by ion chromatography with eluent autogeneration]. PubMed: Ion chromatographic determination of organic acids in food samples using a permanent coating graphite carbon column. PubMed: High-throughput microplate enzymatic assays for fast sugar and acid quantification in apple and tomato. PubMed: Profiling the chlorogenic acids and other caffeic acid derivatives of herbal chrysanthemum by LC-MSn. PubMed: Cholesterol hemisuccinate: a selective inhibitor of family X DNA polymerases. PubMed: Profiling the chlorogenic acids of aster by HPLC-MS(n). PubMed: Bifidobacterium infantis strains with and without a combination of oligofructose and inulin (OFI) attenuate inflammation in DSS-induced colitis in rats. PubMed: Metabolomic discrimination of different grades of pine-mushroom (Tricholoma matsutake Sing.) using 1H NMR spectrometry and multivariate data analysis. PubMed: Lactobacillus casei metabolic potential to utilize citrate as an energy source in ripening cheese: a bioinformatics approach. PubMed: Kinetic analysis of bifidobacterial metabolism reveals a minor role for succinic acid in the regeneration of NAD+ through its growth-associated production. PubMed: Use of Rhodotorula minuta live cells hosted in water-in-oil macroemulsion for biotrasformation reaction. PubMed: Quantitative studies, taste reconstitution, and omission experiments on the key taste compounds in morel mushrooms (Morchella deliciosa Fr.). PubMed: Molecular and sensory studies on the umami taste of Japanese green tea. PubMed: Growth of Campylobacter in media supplemented with organic acids. PubMed: Effect of gene disruptions of the TCA cycle on production of succinic acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PubMed: Rapid determination of short-chain fatty acids in colonic contents and faeces of humans and rats by acidified water-extraction and direct-injection gas chromatography. PubMed: Effects of succinylation on the structure and thermostability of lysozyme. PubMed: Metabolic adaptations of liver mitochondria during restricted feeding schedules. PubMed: Activity-guided identification of (S)-malic acid 1-O-D-glucopyranoside (morelid) and gamma-aminobutyric acid as contributors to umami taste and mouth-drying oral sensation of morel mushrooms (Morchella deliciosa Fr.). PubMed: Succinate production and citrate catabolism by Cheddar cheese nonstarter lactobacilli. PubMed: A sphingolipid and tyrosinase inhibitors from the fruiting body of Phellinus linteus. PubMed: Intra-oral acid production associated with eating whole or pulped raw fruits. PubMed: c-Jun N-terminal kinase is required for vitamin E succinate-induced apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells. PubMed: Food restriction affects energy metabolism in rat liver mitochondria. PubMed: Combined impact of pH and organic acids on iron uptake by Caco-2 cells. PubMed: Anxiolytic-like effect of succinic acid in mice. PubMed: Energy metabolism and valve closure behaviour in the Asian clam Corbicula fluminea. PubMed: A pilot study to investigate effects of inulin on Caco-2 cells through in vitro metabolic fingerprinting. PubMed: Skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity and uncoupling protein 3 are differently influenced by semistarvation and refeeding. PubMed: NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Tetrahydrofuran (CAS No. 109-99-9) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Inhalation Studies). PubMed: Effect of organic acids and nitrogen source on alcoholic fermentation: study of their buffering capacity. PubMed: Roles of Fas signaling pathway in vitamin E succinate-induced apoptosis in human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells. PubMed: Organic acids influence iron uptake in the human epithelial cell line Caco-2. PubMed: Development of a CE method to analyze organic acids in dairy products: application to study the metabolism of heat-shocked spores. PubMed: RRR-alpha-tocopheryl succinate inhibits human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cell growth by inducing apoptosis and DNA synthesis arrest. PubMed: Inhibitory effects of RRR-alpha-tocopheryl succinate on benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P)-induced forestomach carcinogenesis in female mice. PubMed: Potent enantioselective auxin: indole-3-succinic acid. PubMed: Characterization of cigar tobaccos by gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis of nonvolatile organic acids: application to the authentication of Cuban cigars. PubMed: Comparative study on chemical changes in olive juice and brine during green olive fermentation. PubMed: Potentiation of the insulinotropic action of GLP-1 by succinic acid dimethyl ester in fed anaesthetized rats. PubMed: Effects of the dimethyl ester on succinic acid on the hormonal and metabolic response to exercise in hereditarily diabetic starved rats. PubMed: Changes in gamma-aminobutyric acid content during beni-koji making. PubMed: Anaerobiosis in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. PubMed: Production of multifunctional organic acids from renewable resources. PubMed: Assessment of the nutritional value of glycerol-1,2, 3-tris(methylsuccinate) in fed and starved rats. PubMed: Ubiquinol:cytochrome c oxidoreductase. Effects of inhibitors on reverse electron transfer from the iron-sulfur protein to cytochrome b. PubMed: Simultaneous quantification of released succinic acid and a weakly basic drug compound in dissolution media. PubMed: Influence of culture conditions on biofilm formation by Escherichia coli O157:H7. PubMed: [The correction of disorders of the internal body environment in animals and man by the addition of succinic acid to food]. PubMed: Octenylsuccinic aciduria in children fed protein-hydrolysate formulas containing modified cornstarch. PubMed: Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of cellulose to lactic acid. PubMed: Lack of toxicity/carcinogenicity of monosodium succinate in F344 rats. PubMed: NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Succinic Anhydride (CAS No. 108-30-5) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies). PubMed: [Functional properties of isolated kidney mitochondria of rats in food deprivation]. PubMed: Phosphoglycerol substituents present on the cyclic beta-1,2-glucans of Rhizobium meliloti 1021 are derived from phosphatidylglycerol. PubMed: Decontamination of Campylobacter jejuni on chicken drumsticks using chemicals and radiation. PubMed: [Detection of anion residues of surface-active compounds of the type sulfosuccinic acid salts and succinic acid monoesters on the surface of containers in contact with food]. PubMed: The destruction of Salmonella typhimurium in chicken exudate by different freeze-thaw treatments. PubMed: Simultaneous gas chromatographic determination of carboxylic acids in soft drinks and jams. PubMed: Immobilization of fumarase by entrapment of rat liver mitochondria in polyacrylamide gel using gamma rays. PubMed: Special bacterial polysaccharides and polysaccharases. PubMed: Depressed growth of Morris hepatomas in altitude- and heat-stressed but not in cold-stressed buffalo rats. PubMed: [Breeding of a biotype of Myzus persicae sulzer on a synthetic medium. V- Influence of oxalic and gentisic acids on the nutritive value of a synthetic medium]. PubMed: Lactic and succinic acid levels and refractive indices in the determinations of the age of eggs. PubMed: 2,4-D metabolism: enzymatic conversion of chloromaleylacetic acid to succinic acid.