alpha-copaene

1,3-dimethyl-8-(1-methyl ethyl) tricyclo(4.4.0.0.02,7-)dec-3-ene stereoisomer

CAS: 3856-25-5 C15 H24 MW: 204.35628000 woody

Identification

Namealpha-copaene
CAS Number3856-25-5
EINECS223-364-4
FDA UNII0V56HXQ8N5
Molecular FormulaC15 H24
Molecular Weight204.35628000
MDL NumberMFCD00077631
Nikkaji NumberJ9.607E
Beilstein3196858

Regulatory

Physical Properties

Appearance colorless clear viscous liquid (est)
Assay 95.00 to 100.00 sum of isomers
Food Chemicals Codex Listed No
Specific Gravity 0.91000 @ 25.00 °C.
Refractive Index 1.49000 @ 20.00 °C.
Boiling Point 124.00 °C. @ 15.00 mm Hg, 246.00 to 251.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Vapor Pressure 0.038000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C. (est)
Flash Point 109.00 °F. TCC ( 42.78 °C. )
logP (o/w) 5.710
Soluble in alcohol
Insoluble in water

Organoleptic Properties

Odor Description at 100.00 %.

Safety Information

European informationMost important hazard(s):
Oral/Parenteral ToxicityNot determined
Dermal ToxicityNot determined
Inhalation ToxicityNot determined

GHS Classification

['GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)', 'GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements']

Safety in Use

Categorynatural substances and extractives
Recommendation for alpha-copaene usage levels up tonot for fragrance use.
Recommendation for alpha-copaene flavor usage levels up tonot for flavor use.

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Potential Uses

FR amber FR balsam FR moss FR oriental FR orris FL spice FR woody

Natural Occurrence

allamanda cathartica linn. flower oil brazil @ 0.30% Data allspice fruit allspice leaf allspice leaf oil allspice seed alpinia galanga oil @ 0.70% Data alpinia officinarum root oil @ 0.41% Data angelica root oil @ 0.57% Data angelica seed oil @ 2.30% Data angelica seed oil CO2 extract @ 0.20% Data anise seed oil star china @ 0.10% Data anise star anise fruit artemisia campestris spp. glutinosa flower oil italy @ 0.40% Data asarum canadense root oil @ 0.10% Data ayou wood oil @ 2.20% Data basil oil basil oil CO2 sweet @ 9.68% Data basil oil sweet @ 0.99% Data basil oil sweet egypt @ 0.19% Data basil oil sweet poland @ 0.37% Data basil plant basil shoot oil bay laurel plant bay leaf oil @ 0.32-0.41% Data bay leaf oil clove @ 0.4% Data bay leaf oil lemon @ 0.9% Data bergamot plant wild blood orange oil (citrus sinensis l. var. sanguinello) italy @ 0.022% Data blood orange oil (citrus sinensis l. var. tarocco) italy @ 0.022% Data blood orange oil italy @ 0.024% Data cabocla flower oil brazil @ 0.20% Data cajuput oil vietnam @ trace% Data calamus leaf oil @ 0.04% Data calamus rhizome oil @ 0.07% Data calamus root oil @ 0.05% Data calamus root oil mongolia @ 0.30% Data cananga leaf oil @ 2.9% Data cardamom seed carrot leaf oil @ 0.80% Data carrot seed oil @ 0.17% Data carrot seed oil spain @ trace-0.32% Data cascarilla bark oil @ 0.39% Data cassia bark oil china @ 1.40% Data cassia leaf oil china @ 1.40% Data cassinia laevis flower oil australia @ 1.90% Data cassinia laevis leaf oil australia @ 1.60% Data cedrela wood oil @ 15.60% Data chamaecyparis obtusa root oil @ 0.40% Data chamaecyparis obtusa wood oil @ 0.06% Data chamomile garden chamomile plant cinnamomum fragrans baillon leaf oil madagascar @ 0.40% Data cinnamon bark oil (cinnamomum zeylanicum blume) sri lauka @ 0.04-0.05% Data cinnamon bark oil ceylon @ 1.40% Data cinnamon fruit oil india @ 1.8-3.1% Data cistus oil @ 1.1% Data citronella oil ceylon @ 0.04% Data citronella oil china @ 0.13% Data citronella oil java @ 0.08% Data citronella oil zimbabwe @ 0.48% Data clary sage oil france @ 0.10-0.20% Data clary sage oil greece @ 0.50% Data clove bud clove fruit clove leaf corn leaf costmary oil @ 0.15% Data cotton oil croton cajucara benth. leaf oil brazil @ 0.50% Data croton flavens l. (welensali) leaf oil curacao @ 0.60% Data cubeb oil @ 4.01% Data cumin seed curry leaf oil india @ 0.10% Data curry wood leaf oil australia @ 0.20% Data cypress cone oil egypt @ trace% Data cypress oil @ trace-0.06% Data eucalyptus globulus bud oil @ 0.10% Data eucalyptus globulus fruit oil @ 0.08% Data eucalyptus globulus maidenii f. muell oil @ 0.07% Data eucalyptus globulus oil @ 0.06% Data eucalyptus globulus oil burundia @ 0.20% Data eucalyptus globulus pseudoglobulus oil @ 0.09% Data featherfew leaf oil @ trace% Data fleabane oil @ 0.10% Data geranium leaf oil india @ 0.17% Data geranium oil bourbon @ 0.12% Data geranium oil rwanda @ 0.39% Data geranium rose-scented oil (pelargonium spp.) cuba @ 0.20% Data geranium stem oil india @ 0.29% Data ginger rhizome ginger rhizome oil ginger root oil brazil @ 0.50% Data glycosmis pentaphylla (cor.) bark oil india @ 0.20% Data grapefruit oil c.p. @ 0.04% Data grapefruit oil c.p. @ 0.04% Data grapefruit oil c.p. @ 0.13% Data grapefruit oil c.p. italy @ 0.06% Data grapefruit oil california @ 0.11% Data grapefruit oil CO2 extract @ 0.34% Data guava fruit headspace reunion @ 0.10% Data guava fruit oil reunion @ 2.80% Data guava leaf oil cuba @ 0.20% Data helichrysum arenarium l. moench oil hungary @ 0.20% Data ho leaf oil @ 0.11% Data jambu flower oil brazil @ 0.10% Data juniper berry oil @ 0.40% Data juniper branch oil @ 0.30% Data labdanum leaf oil @ 0.80% Data labdanum oil @ 0.79% Data laurel leaf oil turkey @ <0.10% Data lavender oil france @ trace% Data lemon balm plant lemon balm shoot lemon oil lemon petiole lemon verbena oil morocco @ 0.6% Data lemon verbena oil turkey @ 0.58% Data lemongrass oil @ 0.08% Data lime lovage root lovage root oil @ 0.19% Data mace oil CO2 extract @ 0.40% Data mandarin fruit mandarin oil italy @ trace% Data mandarin oil uruguay @ 0.02-0.03% Data manuka var. scoparium oil new zealand @ 5.86% Data marjoram oil marjoram oil sweet cyprus @ trace-0.20% Data marjoram plant marsypianthes chamaedrys (vahl) kuntze oil brazil @ 5.30% Data mastic fruit oil @ 0.07% Data mastic leaf oil @ 0.28% Data melissa oil slovak republic @ 0.67% Data mikan peel oil @ 0.06% Data mikania cordata (burm. f.) b.l. robinson var. cordata leaf oil france @ 2.00% Data nepeta betonicifolia c.a. meyer oil turkey @ 0.40% Data nutmeg extract CO2 west indian @ 0.60% Data nutmeg oil nutmeg seed nutmeg seed oil orange orange fruit orange peel oil bitter china @ 0.05% Data orange peel oil sweet c.p. blond italy @ 0.018% Data orange peel oil sweet c.p. blond italy @ 0.019% Data orange peel oil sweet c.p. blond italy @ 0.020% Data orange peel oil sweet c.p. blond italy @ 0.023% Data orange peel oil sweet c.p. blond italy @ 0.024% Data orange pericarp oil oregano oil mexico @ 0.06% Data oregano plant parsley leaf parsley leaf oil @ 0.02% Data patchouli oil @ 2.01% Data pepper bell pepper fruit pepper black pepper fruit pepper black pepper fruit oil pepper oil black india @ 1.20% Data pepper tree berry oil @ 0.12% Data pepper tree leaf oil @ 0.02% Data peppermint oil persea americana mill. fruit oil cuba @ 9.40% Data petitgrain combava oil @ 0.06% Data petitgrain mandarin oil @ 0.02% Data phlomis fruticosa l. flower oil greece @ 1.20% Data phoebe oil brazil @ 6.25% Data pine needle oil dwarf @ 0.62% Data pinus sylvestris l. needle oil estonia @ 0.10% Data piper cernum vell. var. cernum yuncker leaf oil brazil @ 0.20% Data plectranthus glandulosus hook f. leaf oil cameroon @ 0.10% Data polyalthia australis (benth.) jessup leaf oil australia @ 2.70% Data prangos uechtritzii boiss. et hausskn. fruit oil turkey @ 0.30% Data prangos uloptera dc. oil iran @ 2.00% Data prangos uloptera dc. seed oil iran @ trace% Data protium heptaphyllum (aubl.) march leaf oil brazil @ 3.40% Data ravintsara leaf oil @ 0.69%% Data rosemary leaf rosemary oil egypt @ 0.14% Data rosemary sap safflower flower safflower leaf sage leaf oil sage oil albania @ trace% Data sage oil spain @ 0.0-0.1% Data salvia lavandulifolia vahl. leaf oil @ 0.20% Data salvia officinalis seed oil tunisia @ 0.01% Data salvia plebeia oil @ 2.88% Data salvia sclarea oil @ 0.55% Data salvia sclarea seed oil tunisia @ 4.08% Data santolina oil @ 0.13% Data satureja viminea l. oil costa rica @ 0.30% Data savory summer savory plant savory winter savory plant sideritis montana l. oil bulgaria @ 1.20% Data sideritis scardica l. oil bulgaria @ 1.70% Data sideritis syriaca l. oil bulgaria @ 0.90% Data spearmint oil sugandha kokila berry oil @ 4.70% Data sundacarpus amarus (blume) c.n. page leaf oil australia @ trace% Data tamarind fruit oil tamarind seed oil tansy flower oil canada @ 0.10% Data tansy oil canada @ 0.10% Data tea tree oil australia @ 0.17% Data thevetia peruviana (pers.) k. schum. flower oil brazil @ 2.20% Data thyme absolute @ 2.10% Data thyme oil red CO2 extract @ 0.22% Data thyme oil red spain @ trace% Data valerian root oil @ trace-0.2% Data water mint shoot wormwood flower oil annus america @ 0.31% Data wormwood leaf oil annus america @ 1.10-1.55% Data wormwood oil annus france @ 0.00-1.33% Data wormwood oil italy @ 0.2% Data xylopia aromatica (lam.) mart. leaf oil cuba @ 0.10% Data yarrow oil greece @ trace% Data ylang ylang oil @ 0.13% Data ylang ylang oil CO2 extract @ 0.93% Data ylang ylang oil I (cananga odorata hook. f. and thomas.) @ 0.81% Data ylang ylang oil II (cananga odorata hook. f. and thomas.) @ 1.22% Data ylang ylang oil III @ 1.60% Data zanthoxylum ovalifolium l. leaf oil australia @ 0.30% Data zingiber officinale root oil china @ 0.43% Data zinnia elegans jacq. flower oil brazil @ 0.20% Data

Synonyms

aglaiene copaene (-)-a- copaene (-)-alpha- copaene a- copaene 1,3- dimethyl-8-(1-methyl ethyl) tricyclo(4.4.0.0.02,7-)dec-3-ene stereoisomer 8-iso propyl-1,3-dimethyl tricyclo(4.4.0.02,7)dec-3-ene 8-iso propyl-1,3-dimethyltricyclo(4.4.0.02,7)dec-3-ene 8-iso propyl-1,3-dimethyltricyclo[4.4.0.02,7]dec-3-ene tricyclo(4.4.0.0(2,7))dec-3-ene, 1,3-dimethyl-8-(1-methylethyl)-, stereoisomer tricyclo[4.4.0.0(2,7)]dec-3-ene, 1,3-dimethyl-8-(1-methylethyl)-, stereoisomer tricyclo[4.4.0.02,7]dec-3-ene, 1,3-dimethyl-8-(1-methylethyl)-, stereoisomer PubMed: Chemical composition of essential oils from four Vietnamese species of piper (piperaceae). PubMed: Chemical compositions and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Hornstedtia havilandii (Zingiberaceae). PubMed: Constituents of essential oils from the leaves, stem barks and resins of Canarium parvum Leen., and Canarium tramdenanum Dai et Yakovl. (Burseracea) grown in Vietnam. PubMed: Essential oils composition of croton species from the Amazon. PubMed: Analysis of essential oil constituents of three Dasymaschalon species (Annonaceae) from Vietnam. PubMed: Hepatoprotection of sesquiterpenoids: a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) approach. PubMed: Identification of volatile compounds emitted by Artemisia ordosica (Artemisia, Asteraceae) and changes due to mechanical damage and weevil infestation. PubMed: Chemical composition and biological activities of essential oils of Eremanthus erythropappus (DC) McLeisch (Asteraceae). PubMed: GC and GC-MS analysis of the essential oil of Nepeta cilicica Boiss. ex Benth. from Lebanon. PubMed: Antitumour properties of the leaf essential oil of Xylopia frutescens Aubl. (Annonaceae). PubMed: Comparative study of the volatiles' composition of healthy and larvae-infested Artemisia ordosica. PubMed: Chemical composition and anticancer, antiinflammatory, antioxidant and antimalarial activities of leaves essential oil of Cedrelopsis grevei. PubMed: Chemical constituents and anticancer effects of the essential oil from leaves of Xylopia laevigata. PubMed: Study on the volatile oil contents of Annona glabra L., Annona squamosa L., Annona muricata L. and Annona reticulata L., from Vietnam. PubMed: Electrophysiological responses of the Naupactus bipes beetle to essential oils from Piperaceae species. PubMed: Molecular cloning and characterization of (+)-epi-α-bisabolol synthase, catalyzing the first step in the biosynthesis of the natural sweetener, hernandulcin, in Lippia dulcis. PubMed: Investigation of the volatile constituents of different Gynura species from two Chinese origins by SPME/GC-MS. PubMed: Chemical diversity of volatiles of Teucrium orientale L. var. orientale, var. puberulens, and var. glabrescens determined by simultaneous GC-FID and GC/MS techniques. PubMed: Temporal analysis of sesquiterpene emissions from manuka and phoebe oil lures and efficacy for attraction of Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). PubMed: Chemical composition of the essential oils of Annona pickelii and Annona salzmannii (Annonaceae), and their antitumour and trypanocidal activities. PubMed: Functional characterization of four sesquiterpene synthases from Ricinus communis (castor bean). PubMed: Antibacterial activities of essential oils extracted from leaves of Murraya koenigii by solvent-free microwave extraction and hydro-distillation. PubMed: A hexane fraction of guava Leaves (Psidium guajava L.) induces anticancer activity by suppressing AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin/ribosomal p70 S6 kinase in human prostate cancer cells. PubMed: [GC-MS analysis and analgesic activity of essential oil from fresh rhizoma of Cyperus rotundus]. PubMed: Evaluation of the use of Syzygium cumini fruit extract as an antioxidant additive in orange juice and its sensorial impact. PubMed: Identification of mosquito repellent odours from Ocimum forskolei. PubMed: Utilisation of the MVA pathway to produce elevated levels of the sesquiterpene α-copaene in potato tubers. PubMed: Sensory characteristics and volatile profiles of parsley ( Petroselinum crispum [Mill.] Nym.) in correlation to resistance properties against Septoria Blight ( Septoria petroselini ). PubMed: Chemical composition and antioxidant, antimicrobial, and larvicidal activities of the essential oils of Annona salzmannii and A. pickelii (Annonaceae). PubMed: Attraction of the redbay ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus, to avocado, lychee, and essential oil Lures. PubMed: Attraction and electroantennogram responses of male Mediterranean fruit fly to volatile chemicals from Persea, Litchi and Ficus wood. PubMed: Pharmacological evaluation of Copaifera multijuga oil in rats. PubMed: Chemical constituents and larvicidal activity of Hymenaea courbaril fruit peel. PubMed: Antiplasmodial volatile extracts from Cleistopholis patens Engler & Diels and Uvariastrum pierreanum Engl. (Engl. & Diels) (Annonaceae) growing in Cameroon. PubMed: Validation of a gas chromatographic method to quantify sesquiterpenes in copaiba oils. PubMed: Inhibitor and substrate activities of sesquiterpene olefins toward +-δ-cadinene-8-hydroxylase, a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP706B1). PubMed: Chemical composition and larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti larvae of essential oils from four Guarea species. PubMed: Flavor characterization of sugar-added pennywort (Centella asiatica L.) juices treated with ultra-high pressure and thermal processes. PubMed: Variation of the chemical composition of essential oils in Tunisian populations of Thymus algeriensis Boiss. et Reut. (Lamiaceae) and implication for conservation. PubMed: Composition and immunotoxicity activity of essential oils from Lindera obtusiloba Blume against Aedes aegypti L. PubMed: Essential oil from leaves of Lippia dulcis grown in Colombia. PubMed: Diversity of the volatile organic compounds emitted by 55 species of tropical trees: a survey in French Guiana. PubMed: Identification, functional characterization and developmental regulation of sesquiterpene synthases from sunflower capitate glandular trichomes. PubMed: Constituents of Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp., Moringa oleifera Lam., Heliotropium indicum L. and Bidens pilosa L. from Nigeria. PubMed: The chemical composition of the essential oils of Euphorbia caracasana and E. cotinifolia (Euphorbiaceae) from Venezuela. PubMed: Identification of organic hydroperoxides and hydroperoxy acids in secondary organic aerosol formed during the ozonolysis of different monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes by on-line analysis using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ion trap mass spectrometry. PubMed: Essential oil compositions and cytotoxic activities of Dendropanax capillaris, Oreopanax nubigenus, and Schefflera rodrigueziana from Monteverde, Costa Rica. PubMed: Floral and insect-induced volatile formation in Arabidopsis lyrata ssp. petraea, a perennial, outcrossing relative of A. thaliana. PubMed: Manuka oil and phoebe oil are attractive baits for Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Scolytinae), the vector of laurel wilt. PubMed: Expression profiling of potato germplasm differentiated in quality traits leads to the identification of candidate flavour and texture genes. PubMed: Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oil from Farfugium japonicum flower. PubMed: Belowground chemical signaling in maize: when simplicity rhymes with efficiency. PubMed: Development of a host-based semiochemical lure for trapping emerald ash borer Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). PubMed: Effects of cis-beta-ocimene, cis-sabinene hydrate, and monoterpene and sesquiterpene mixtures on alfalfa pellet intake by lambs. PubMed: The molecular and biochemical basis for varietal variation in sesquiterpene content in melon (Cucumis melo L.) rinds. PubMed: Variability in essential-oil composition of Piper marginatum sensu lato. PubMed: Volatile compounds on the leaf surface of intact and regrowth tarbush (Flourensia cernua DC) canopies. PubMed: The effect of the volatile oil from ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinale), its fractions and isolated compounds on the 5-HT3 receptor complex and the serotoninergic system of the rat ileum. PubMed: Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of copaiba oils from Copaifera cearensis Huber ex Ducke, Copaifera reticulata Ducke and Copaifera multijuga Hayne--a comparative study. PubMed: Feeding selectivity by mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) in relation to leaf secondary chemistry in Hymenaea courbaril. PubMed: Essential oil of trees of the genus Ocotea (Lauraceae) in Costa Rica. I. Ocotea brenesii. PubMed: Optimization and comparison of three methods for extraction of volatile compounds from Cyperus rotundus evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. PubMed: The inhibition of paw oedema formation caused by the oil of Copaifera multijuga Hayne and its fractions. PubMed: An evaluation of the allelopathic potential of selected perennial groundcovers: foliar volatiles of catmint (Nepeta x faassenii) inhibit seedling growth. PubMed: Changes in terpene content in milk from pasture-fed cows. PubMed: Larvicidal activity of essential oils from Brazilian Croton species against Aedes aegypti L. PubMed: Analysis of atmospheric sesquiterpenes: sampling losses and mitigation of ozone interferences. PubMed: Essential oil of the Persian sage, Salvia rhytidea Benth. PubMed: Geographical traceability of West Liguria extravirgin olive oils by the analysis of volatile terpenoid hydrocarbons. PubMed: Effects of gamma-terpinene, terpinolene, alpha-copaene, and alpha-terpinene on consumption of alfalfa pellets by sheep. PubMed: Application of artificial neural network on mono- and sesquiterpenes compounds determined by headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the Piedmont ricotta cheese traceability. PubMed: Essential Oil of Betula pendula Roth. Buds. PubMed: Comparison of the volatile composition of Stachys persica Gmel. and Stachys byzantina C. Koch. oils obtained by hydrodistillation and steam distillation. PubMed: Effects of the olfactory environment and nutrition on the ability of male Mediterranean fruit flies to endure starvation. PubMed: Chemical composition of the essential oil of Salvia multicaulis Vahl. var. simplicifolia Boiss. growing wild in Lebanon. PubMed: The sesquiterpene hydrocarbons of maize (Zea mays) form five groups with distinct developmental and organ-specific distributions. PubMed: Essential oils from New Zealand manuka: triketone and other chemotypes of Leptospermum scoparium. PubMed: Composition and anti-plasmodial activities of essential oils from some Cameroonian medicinal plants. PubMed: GC-MS analysis of essential oil of Shorea robusta bast. PubMed: [Chemical composition of volatile oil from Chromolaena odorata and its effect on plant, fungi and insect growth]. PubMed: (-)-Germacrene D receptor neurones in three species of heliothine moths: structure-activity relationships. PubMed: Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Hypericum rumeliacum subsp. apollinis (Boiss. & Heldr.). PubMed: Volatile components and aroma active compounds in aqueous essence and fresh pink guava fruit puree (Psidium guajava L.) by GC-MS and multidimensional GC/GC-O. PubMed: Implication of SAR of male medfly attractants in insect olfaction. PubMed: Chemical composition of volatile oil from Cinnamomum zeylanicum buds. PubMed: Characterization of volatiles in Costa Rican guava [Psidium friedrichsthalianum (Berg) Niedenzu] fruit. PubMed: Exposure to ginger root oil enhances mating success of irradiated, mass-reared males of Mediterranean fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae). PubMed: Sesquiterpene, alkene, and alkane hydrocarbons in virgin olive oils of different varieties and geographical origins. PubMed: Identification of volatile constituents of Tambourissa leptophylla. PubMed: Selective oviposition by Aedes aegypti (Diptera: culicidae) in response to Mesocyclops longisetus (Copepoda: Cyclopoidea) under laboratory and field conditions. PubMed: Genetic diversity of Ocimum gratissimum L. based on volatile oil constituents, flavonoids and RAPD markers. PubMed: Volatiles released from oak, a host tree for the bark beetle Scolytus intricatus. PubMed: The steam volatile oil of Wollemia nobilis and its comparison with other members of the Araucariaceae (Agathis and Araucaria). PubMed: Composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Cistus creticus subsp. eriocephalus. PubMed: Electroantennographic and coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic responses of the mediterranean fruit fly,Ceratitis capitata, to male-produced volatiles and mango odor. PubMed: Pathway of terpene excretion by the appendix of Sauromatum guttatum. PubMed: Male lures for mediterranean fruitfly (Ceratitis capitata wied.): Structural analogs of α-copaene. PubMed: Additional male mediterranean fruitfly (Ceratitis capitata wied.) Attractants from Angelica seed oil (Angelica archangelica L.). PubMed: A four-component attractant for the mexican fruit fly,Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae), from host fruit. PubMed: Isolation and identification of male medfly attractive components inLitchi chinensis stems andFicus spp. stem exudates. PubMed: Composition of essential oils of Laurus nobilis, L. nobilis var. angustifolia and Laurus azorica. PubMed: Composition of essential oils of some senecio species. PubMed: [Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons from grapes (author's transl)].