Identification

Nameacetoin
IUPAC3-hydroxybutan-2-one
CAS Number513-86-0
EINECS208-174-1
FDA UNIIBG4D34CO2H
Molecular FormulaC4 H8 O2
Molecular Weight88.10616000
MDL NumberMFCD00004521
Nikkaji NumberJ2.623I
Beilstein0385636
CoE Number749

Regulatory

JECFA Food Flavoring405 acetoin
DG SANTE Food Flavourings07.051 3-hydroxybutan-2-one
FEMA Number2008
FDANo longer provide for the use of these seven synthetic flavoring substances
FDA Mainterm (SATF)513-86-0 ; ACETOIN
FDA RegulationFDA PART 182 -- SUBSTANCES GENERALLY RECOGNIZED AS SAFE

Physical Properties

Appearance colorless to pale yellow liquid to solid (est)
Assay 96.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed Yes
Specific Gravity 0.99500 to 1.01900 @ 25.00 °C.
Pounds per Gallon - (est). 8.279 to 8.479
Refractive Index 1.41700 to 1.42200 @ 20.00 °C.
Melting Point 90.00 to 91.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Boiling Point 147.00 to 148.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Vapor Pressure 2.690000 mmHg @ 25.00 °C.
Vapor Density 3.0 ( Air = 1 )
Flash Point 113.00 °F. TCC ( 45.00 °C. )
logP (o/w) -0.360
Shelf Life 12.00 month(s) or longer if stored properly.
Storage refrigerate in tightly sealed containers.
Soluble in alcohol
Insoluble in fixed oils
Similar Items note

Cosmetic Information

CosIngcosmetic data
Cosmetic Usesperfuming agents

Organoleptic Properties

Odor Strength high ,
Substantivity 28 hour(s) at 100.00 %
Odor Description
at 1.00 % in dipropylene glycol.
Dairy, butter, milk, yogurt
sweet carmal creamy green butter dairy milk fatty buttery creamy sour fatty vanilla
Buttery, Caramellic/ Caramel, Creamy, Dairy Products
CREAMY, SWEET, FATTY
Odor sample from CA Aromatics Company Inc.
Taste Description creamy dairy sweet oily milky buttery

Safety Information

Preferred SDSView
European informationMost important hazard(s):
Oral/Parenteral Toxicityoral-rat LD50 > 5000 mg/kg
Dermal Toxicityskin-rabbit LD50 > 5000 mg/kg
Inhalation ToxicityNot determined

GHS Classification

['GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)', 'GHS Label elements, including precautionary statements']

Safety in Use

Categoryflavor and fragrance agents
RIFM Fragrance Material Safety AssessmentSearch
Recommendation for acetoin usage levels up to0.0300 % in the fragrance concentrate.
Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-EU)2300.00 (μg/capita/day)
baked goods-
beverages(nonalcoholic)-
beverages(alcoholic)-
breakfast cereal-
cheese-
chewing gum-
condiments / relishes-
confectionery froastings-
egg products-
fats / oils0.80000
fish products-
frozen dairy-
fruit ices-
gelatins / puddings0.60000
granulated sugar-
gravies-
hard candy-
imitation dairy-
instant coffee / tea-
jams / jellies-
meat products-
milk products-
nut products-
other grains-
poultry-
processed fruits-
processed vegetables-
reconstituted vegetables-
seasonings / flavors-
snack foods-
soft candy-
soups-
sugar substitutes-
sweet sauces-

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Potential Uses

FR apple FR banana FL bread white bread FR butter FR butterscotch FL caramel FL carrot FL cheese cheddar cheese FL chicken FL chocolate cocoa FR citrus FR coconut FR coffee FL corn FR cream FR currant FL fish FR fruit FR honey FL meat FL milk FR mint FR orange FL pea green pea FR pear FR plum FR raspberry FR strawberry FL tomato FL vinegar FL whiskey FR wine

Natural Occurrence

apple fruit PMC banana fruit beer PMC bilberry fruit juice bread white bread PMC butter PMC carrot cheese cheddar cheese PMC chicken PMC cocoa coconut endosperm coffee roasted coffee PMC corn plant cream PMC currant fruit fig fruit fish PMC honey PMC malpighia glabra l. fruit oil @ 0.10% Data milk PMC orange fruit juice pea green pea PMC pear fruit pepper bell pepper fruit plum fruit pork grilled pork PMC raspberry red raspberry fruit rice cakes PbMd PMC spearmint oil strawberry wild strawberry fruit sunflower flower tea leaf tomato vinegar whiskey wine red wine wine white wine

Synonyms

acethoin 2- acetoin acetoin (acetyl methyl carbinol) acetoin (natural) acetoin 85% in water acetoin 98/100% FCC acetoin liquid natural acetoin liquid synthetic acetoin natural acetoin powder acetoin powder 98/100% FCC acetoin powder natural acetoin powder synthetic acetoin synth (3 hydroxy 2 butanone) acetoin, natural acetoin, natural (congealed liquid) acetoin, natural (powder) acetoin, synthetic (congealed liquid) FCC acetoin, synthetic powder FCC acetoin,dimer acetoin,dimer natural acetyl methyl carbinol acetyl methyl carbinol natural nat. acetyl methyl carbinol(acetoin) acetylmethylcarbinol butan-2-one, 3-hydroxy- 2- butanol-3-one 2,3- butanolone 2- butanone, 3-hydroxy- dimethyl ketol dimethylketol helio-bouquet 3- hydroxy-2-butanone 2- hydroxy-3-butanone 2- hydroxy-3-oxobutane gamma- hydroxy-beta-oxobutane 3- hydroxybutan-2-one 1- hydroxyethyl methyl ketone methyl acetyl carbinol PubMed: Reduction of the Off-Flavor Volatile Generated by the Yogurt Starter Culture Including Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus in Soymilk. PubMed: Engineering Bacillus subtilis for acetoin production from glucose and xylose mixtures. PubMed: An efficient method using Gluconacetobacter europaeus to reduce an unfavorable flavor compound, acetoin, in rice vinegar production. PubMed: New insights into Lactococcus lactis diacetyl- and acetoin-producing strains isolated from diverse origins. PubMed: Diacetyl levels and volatile profiles of commercial starter distillates and selected dairy foods. PubMed: Volatile flavor compounds in yogurt: a review. PubMed: Two strains of nonstarter lactobacilli increased the production of flavor compounds in soft cheeses. PubMed: Ghanaian cocoa bean fermentation characterized by spectroscopic and chromatographic methods and chemometrics. PubMed: Diacetyl and acetoin production from whey permeate using engineered Lactobacillus casei. PubMed: [Determination of major flavor components in chinese spirits using a special domestic gas chromatograph with DNP packed column]. PubMed: Proteolysis, volatile compounds, and sensory evaluation in Hispánico cheese manufactured with the addition of a thermophilic adjunct culture, nisin, and calcium alginate-nisin microparticles. PubMed: Organic acids and volatile flavor components evolved during refrigerated storage of kefir. PubMed: Volatile flavor components of rice cakes. PubMed: Comparative Assessment of Factors Involved in Acetoin Synthesis by Bacillus subtilis 168. PubMed: An efficient method using Gluconacetobacter europaeus to reduce an unfavorable flavor compound, acetoin, in rice vinegar production. PubMed: New insights into Lactococcus lactis diacetyl- and acetoin-producing strains isolated from diverse origins. PubMed: Diacetyl levels and volatile profiles of commercial starter distillates and selected dairy foods. PubMed: Complete genome sequence of Corynebacterium variabile DSM 44702 isolated from the surface of smear-ripened cheeses and insights into cheese ripening and flavor generation. PubMed: Ghanaian cocoa bean fermentation characterized by spectroscopic and chromatographic methods and chemometrics. PubMed: Proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry monitoring of the evolution of volatile compounds during lactic acid fermentation of milk. PubMed: Flying the fly: long-range flight behavior of Drosophila melanogaster to attractive odors. PubMed: Diacetyl and acetoin production from whey permeate using engineered Lactobacillus casei. PubMed: Engineering of 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase to reduce acetoin formation by glycerol-overproducing, low-alcohol Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PubMed: Modeling and experimental studies on intermittent starch feeding and citrate addition in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of starch to flavor compounds. PubMed: [Determination of major flavor components in chinese spirits using a special domestic gas chromatograph with DNP packed column]. PubMed: Genetic organization and expression of citrate permease in lactic acid bacteria. PubMed: Proteolysis, volatile compounds, and sensory evaluation in Hispánico cheese manufactured with the addition of a thermophilic adjunct culture, nisin, and calcium alginate-nisin microparticles. PubMed: Citrate metabolism by Enterococcus faecalis FAIR-E 229. PubMed: Volatile flavor components of rice cakes. PubMed: Characterization of volatile compounds from the reaction of 3-hydroxy-2-butanone and ammonium sulfide model system. PubMed: Genetic manipulation of the pathway for diacetyl metabolism in Lactococcus lactis. PubMed: Diacetyl formation by lactic bacteria. PubMed: Characterization of Plasmid Deoxyribonucleic Acid in Streptococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis: Evidence for Plasmid-Linked Citrate Utilization. PubMed: [The quantitative composition of natural and technologically changed aromas of plants. IV. Enzymic and thermal reaction products formed during the processing of tomatoes (author's transl)]. PubMed: Optimisation of ultrasound-assisted reverse micelles dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction by Box-Behnken design for determination of acetoin in butter followed by high performance liquid chromatography. PubMed: 2,3-Butanediol production from cellobiose by engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PubMed: Drosophila adult and larval pheromones modulate larval food choice. PubMed: Enhancement of acetoin production in Candida glabrata by in silico-aided metabolic engineering. PubMed: Characterizing and authenticating Montilla-Moriles PDO vinegars using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) technology. PubMed: Reduction of the off-flavor volatile generated by the yogurt starter culture including Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus in soymilk. PubMed: Oxidation of metabolites highlights the microbial interactions and role of Acetobacter pasteurianus during cocoa bean fermentation. PubMed: Engineering of carboligase activity reaction in Candida glabrata for acetoin production. PubMed: Characterization of plant-derived lactococci on the basis of their volatile compounds profile when grown in milk. PubMed: Optimization of fermentation medium for acetoin production by Bacillus subtilis SF4-3 using statistical methods. PubMed: 2,3-butanediol production from starch by engineered Klebsiella pneumoniae G31-A. PubMed: NAD-dependent lactate dehydrogenase catalyses the first step in respiratory utilization of lactate by Lactococcus lactis. PubMed: A comparative analysis of the influence of human salivary enzymes on odorant concentration in three palm wines. PubMed: Indigenous yeast population from Georgian aged wines produced by traditional "Kakhetian" method. PubMed: Popcorn flavoring effects on reactivity of rat airways in vivo and in vitro. PubMed: Moderate expression of the transcriptional regulator ALsR enhances acetoin production by Bacillus subtilis. PubMed: Quality changes during storage of cooked and sliced meat products measured with PTR-MS and HS-GC-MS. PubMed: Isolation of acetoin-producing Bacillus strains from Japanese traditional food-natto. PubMed: A four-component synthetic attractant for Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) isolated from fermented bait headspace. PubMed: Pectinatus sottacetonis sp. nov., isolated from a commercial pickle spoilage tank. PubMed: Sweet wine production by two osmotolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. PubMed: Improved sample preparation and rapid UHPLC analysis of SO2 binding carbonyls in wine by derivatisation to 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine. PubMed: How does Listeria monocytogenes combat acid conditions? PubMed: Monitoring the effect of high pressure and transglutaminase treatment of milk on the evolution of flavour compounds during lactic acid fermentation using PTR-ToF-MS. PubMed: Aroma profile of Garnacha Tintorera-based sweet wines by chromatographic and sensorial analyses. PubMed: Inoculation of Treixadura musts with autochthonous Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains: fermentative performance and influence on the wine characteristics. PubMed: Precursor supply strategy for tetramethylpyrazine production by bacillus subtilis on solid-state fermentation of wheat bran. PubMed: New insights into Lactococcus lactis diacetyl- and acetoin-producing strains isolated from diverse origins. PubMed: Investigation of spoilage in saveloy samples inoculated with four potential spoilage bacteria. PubMed: Impact of perceptive interactions on red wine fruity aroma. PubMed: Significance of heme-based respiration in meat spoilage caused by Leuconostoc gasicomitatum. PubMed: Streptococcus danieliae sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from the caecum of a mouse. PubMed: Volatile composition of partially fermented wines elaborated from sun dried Pedro Ximénez grapes. PubMed: A 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase from Paenibacillus polymyxa ZJ-9 for mainly producing R,R-2,3-butanediol: purification, characterization and cloning. PubMed: Malolactic fermentation and secondary metabolite production by Oenoccocus oeni strains in low pH wines. PubMed: Simultaneous production of isopropanol, butanol, ethanol and 2,3-butanediol by Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 engineered strains. PubMed: Removal of pathogenic factors from 2,3-butanediol-producing Klebsiella species by inactivating virulence-related wabG gene. PubMed: Metabolic engineering of Bacillus subtilis for enhanced production of acetoin. PubMed: Cloning, expression and characterization of meso-2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase from Klebsiella pneumoniae. PubMed: Aroma chemical composition of red wines from different price categories and its relationship to quality. PubMed: Discrimination of Chinese vinegars based on headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography mass spectrometry of volatile compounds and multivariate analysis. PubMed: Transfer and subsequent growth and metabolism of Lactobacillus plantarum in orange juice medium during storage at 4 and 30°C. PubMed: Amino acids and volatile compounds in wines from Cabernet Sauvignon and Tempranillo varieties subjected to malolactic fermentation in barrels. PubMed: Diacetyl levels and volatile profiles of commercial starter distillates and selected dairy foods. PubMed: Complete genome sequence of Corynebacterium variabile DSM 44702 isolated from the surface of smear-ripened cheeses and insights into cheese ripening and flavor generation. PubMed: Identification of chemical markers for the sensory shelf-life of saveloy. PubMed: Monitoring of microbial metabolites and bacterial diversity in beef stored under different packaging conditions. PubMed: Spoilage-related activity of Carnobacterium maltaromaticum strains in air-stored and vacuum-packed meat. PubMed: The transcriptional response of Listeria monocytogenes during adaptation to growth on lactate and diacetate includes synergistic changes that increase fermentative acetoin production. PubMed: Mechanism of citrate metabolism by an oxaloacetate decarboxylase-deficient mutant of Lactococcus lactis IL1403. PubMed: Enterococcus populations in artisanal Manchego cheese: biodiversity, technological and safety aspects. PubMed: Functional milk beverage fortified with phenolic compounds extracted from olive vegetation water, and fermented with functional lactic acid bacteria. PubMed: Ligustrazine formation in Zhenjiang aromatic vinegar: changes during fermentation and storing process. PubMed: Integrated regulation of acetoin fermentation by quorum sensing and pH in Serratia plymuthica RVH1. PubMed: Transcriptome, proteome, and metabolite analyses of a lactate dehydrogenase-negative mutant of Enterococcus faecalis V583. PubMed: Identification and measurement of diacetyl substitutes in dry bakery mix production. PubMed: Sensorically and antimicrobially active metabolite production of Lactobacillus strains on Jerusalem artichoke juice. PubMed: Two strains of nonstarter lactobacilli increased the production of flavor compounds in soft cheeses. PubMed: Exploitation of Acha (Digitaria exiliis) and Iburu (Digitaria iburua) flours: chemical characterization and their use for sourdough fermentation. PubMed: Ghanaian cocoa bean fermentation characterized by spectroscopic and chromatographic methods and chemometrics. PubMed: Proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry monitoring of the evolution of volatile compounds during lactic acid fermentation of milk. PubMed: Effect of pH, aeration and feeding non-sterilized agave juice in a continuous agave juice fermentation. PubMed: Production of tetramethylpyrazine by batch culture of Bacillus subtilis with optimal pH control strategy. PubMed: Influence of indigenous yeasts on the fermentation and volatile profile of plum brandies. PubMed: Construction and characterization of three lactate dehydrogenase-negative Enterococcus faecalis V583 mutants. PubMed: Engineering of 2,3-butanediol dehydrogenase to reduce acetoin formation by glycerol-overproducing, low-alcohol Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PubMed: Microbial, sensory and volatile changes during the anaerobic cold storage of morcilla de Burgos previously inoculated with Weissella viridescens and Leuconostoc mesenteroides. PubMed: Analysis of volatile compounds produced by 2 strains of Lactococcus lactis isolated from leben (Tunisian fermented milk) using solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography. PubMed: A cross-sectional study of lung function and respiratory symptoms among chemical workers producing diacetyl for food flavourings. PubMed: Asthma arising in flavoring-exposed food production workers. PubMed: Emissions from cooking microwave popcorn. PubMed: Methylglyoxal and other carbohydrate metabolites induce lanthanum-sensitive Ca2+ transients and inhibit growth in E. coli. PubMed: Mutation of the oxaloacetate decarboxylase gene of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis impairs the growth during citrate metabolism. PubMed: Formation of diacetyl and acetoin by Lactococcus lactis via aspartate catabolism. PubMed: Citrate metabolism by Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus durans isolated from goat's and ewe's milk: influence of glucose and lactose. PubMed: Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in chemical workers producing diacetyl for food flavorings. PubMed: Structure-reactivity relationships of flavan-3-ols on product generation in aqueous glucose/glycine model systems. PubMed: Analysis of volatile compounds as spoilage indicators in fresh king salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) during storage using SPME-GC-MS. PubMed: Lactobacillus casei metabolic potential to utilize citrate as an energy source in ripening cheese: a bioinformatics approach. PubMed: Characterisation of lactic acid bacteria isolated from fermented milk "laban". PubMed: [Determination of major flavor components in chinese spirits using a special domestic gas chromatograph with DNP packed column]. PubMed: Method for the simultaneous assay of diacetyl and acetoin in the presence of alpha-acetolactate: application in determining the kinetic parameters for the decomposition of alpha-acetolactate. PubMed: The effect of raw milk microbial flora on the sensory characteristics of Salers-type cheeses. PubMed: Characterization of respiratory exposures at a microwave popcorn plant with cases of bronchiolitis obliterans. PubMed: Gas chromatographic quantification of major volatile compounds and polyols in wine by direct injection. PubMed: The 'buttery' attribute of wine--diacetyl--desirability, spoilage and beyond. PubMed: Genetic organization and expression of citrate permease in lactic acid bacteria. PubMed: Purification of antilisterial bacteriocins. PubMed: Growth and metabolism of selected strains of probiotic bacteria, in maize porridge with added malted barley. PubMed: Method development for the determination of diacetyl and acetoin at a microwave popcorn plant. PubMed: Gluconic acid consumption in wines by Schizosaccharomyces pombe and its effect on the concentrations of major volatile compounds and polyols. PubMed: Changes in gluconic acid, polyols and major volatile compounds in sherry wine during aging with submerged flor yeast cultures. PubMed: Diacetyl of lactic acid bacteria from milk and fermented foods in Thailand. PubMed: Proteolysis, volatile compounds, and sensory evaluation in Hispánico cheese manufactured with the addition of a thermophilic adjunct culture, nisin, and calcium alginate-nisin microparticles. PubMed: Growth and metabolism of selected strains of probiotic bacteria in milk. PubMed: The species-specific ratios of 2,3-butanediol and acetoin isomers as a tool to evaluate wine yeast performance. PubMed: IS981-mediated adaptive evolution recovers lactate production by ldhB transcription activation in a lactate dehydrogenase-deficient strain of Lactococcus lactis. PubMed: Growth and energy generation by Enterococcus faecium FAIR-E 198 during citrate metabolism. PubMed: Evolution of volatile byproducts during wine fermentations using immobilized cells on grape skins. PubMed: Microbiological and fermentation characteristics of togwa, a Tanzanian fermented food. PubMed: Volatile chemicals identified in extracts from newly hybrid citrus, dekopon (Shiranuhi mandarin Suppl. J.). PubMed: Chemical and biochemical transformations during the industrial process of sherry vinegar aging. PubMed: Effect of Enterococcus faecium on microbiological, physicochemical and sensory characteristics of Greek Feta cheese. PubMed: Growth and aroma production by Staphylococcus xylosus, S. carnosus and S. equorum--a comparative study in model systems. PubMed: Metabolic engineering of lactic acid bacteria, the combined approach: kinetic modelling, metabolic control and experimental analysis. PubMed: Citrate metabolism by Enterococcus faecalis FAIR-E 229. PubMed: Solvent desorption dynamic headspace sampling of fermented dairy product volatiles. PubMed: Influence of aeration on the physiological activity of flor yeasts. PubMed: Determination of organic acids, sugars, diacetyl, and acetoin in cheese by high-performance liquid chromatography. PubMed: Metabolic behavior of Lactococcus lactis MG1363 in microaerobic continuous cultivation at a low dilution rate. PubMed: Ecophysiological attributes of a Lactobacillus sp. and a Pseudomonas sp. on sterile beef fillets in relation to storage temperature and film permeability. PubMed: Characterization of the lactic acid bacteria in ewe's milk and cheese from northwest Argentina. PubMed: Proteolysis and formation of volatile compounds in cheese manufactured with a bacteriocin-producing adjunct culture. PubMed: Improved performances and control of beer fermentation using encapsulated alpha-acetolactate decarboxylase and modeling. PubMed: Approaches to wine aroma: release of aroma compounds from reactions between cysteine and carbonyl compounds in wine. PubMed: Evaluation of solid-phase microextraction for the isotopic analysis of volatile compounds produced during fermentation by lactic acid bacteria. PubMed: Organic acids and volatile flavor components evolved during refrigerated storage of kefir. PubMed: Cloning, DNA sequence analysis, and deletion of a gene encoding diacetyl-acetoin reductase from Lactococcus lactis. PubMed: Characterization of volatile compounds from the reaction of 3-hydroxy-2-butanone and ammonium sulfide model system. PubMed: Pyruvate flux distribution in NADH-oxidase-overproducing Lactococcus lactis strain as a function of culture conditions. PubMed: Effects of the addition of Enterococcus faecalis in Cebreiro cheese manufacture. PubMed: Cofactor engineering: a novel approach to metabolic engineering in Lactococcus lactis by controlled expression of NADH oxidase. PubMed: Production of fermented milk using a malty compound-producing strain of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar. diacetylactis, isolated from Zimbabwean naturally fermented milk. PubMed: Main microbial flora present as natural starters in Cebreiro raw cow's-milk cheese (northwest Spain). PubMed: Diacetyl formation by lactic bacteria. PubMed: Behaviour of Yersinia enterocolitica and Aeromonas hydrophila in skim milk during fermentation by various lactobacilli. PubMed: Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of Listeria monocytogenes in defined glucose medium. PubMed: Growth and Energy Generation by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis biovar diacetylactis during Citrate Metabolism. PubMed: Analysis of sensory and physicochemical data on commercial tomato purée with pattern recognition techniques. PubMed: Microbiological and aromatic characteristics of fermented maize doughs for kenkey production in Ghana. PubMed: Acetoin production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae wine yeasts. PubMed: Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetoin Helps To Maintain pH Homeostasis in Lactobacillus plantarum. PubMed: Purification, characterization and some properties of diacetyl(acetoin) reductase from Enterobacter aerogenes. PubMed: Enzyme Activities Affecting End Product Distribution by Lactobacillus plantarum in Response to Changes in pH and O(2). 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